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Carry Minati 5 years, 6 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 5 years, 6 months ago
The development of writing:
(i) The first Mesopotamian tablets, written around 3200 BCE, contained picture-like signs and numbers. These were about 5,000 lists of oxen, fish, bread loaves, etc. - lists of goods that were brought into or distributed from the temples of Uruk, a city in the south.
Clearly, writing began when society needed to keep records of transactions -because in city life transactions occurred at different times, and involved many people and a involved many people and a variety of goods.
(ii) Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet clay and pat it into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surfaces.
With the sharp end of a reed cut obliquely, he would press wedge-shaped (‘cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist. Once dried in the sun, the clay would harden and tablets would be almost as indestructible as pottery. When a written record of, say, the delivery of pieces of metal had ceased to be relevant, the tablet was thrown away.
(iii) Once the surface dried, signs could not be pressed onto a tablet : so each transaction, however minor, required a separate written tablet.
This is why tablets occur by the hundreds at Mesopotamian sites. And it is because of this wealth of sources that we know so much more about Mesopotamia than we do about contemporary India.
(iv) By 2600 BCE or so, the letters became cuneiform, and the language was Sumerian. Writing was now used not only for keeping records, but also for making dictionaries, giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings, and announcing the changes a king had made in the customary laws of the land.
Sumerian, the earliest known language of Mesopotamia, was gradually replaced after 2400 BCE by the Akkadian language. Cuneiform writing in the Akkadian language continued in use until the first century CE, that is, for more than 2,000 years.
Posted by Neha Verma 5 years, 6 months ago
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Posted by Pratham Singhal 5 years, 6 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 6 months ago
Intellectual ideas into the making of sociology
- Sociologists and social anthropologists sought to categorise societies into types and to distinguish stages in social development. These features reappear in the 19th century in works of early sociologists, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx and Herbert Spencer.
- Efforts were therefore made to classify different types of societies on that basis, for instance: Types of pre-modern societies such as hunters and gatherers, pastoral and agrarian, agrarian and non- industrial civilisations. Types of modern societies such as the industrialised societies.
- Such an evolutionary vision assumed that the west was necessarily the most advanced and civilised. Non- western societies were often seen as barbaric and less developed. Indian sociology reflects this tension which go far back to the history of British colonialism and the intellectual and ideological response to it.
- Darwin’s ideas about organic evolution were a dominant influence on early sociological thought. Society was often compared with living organisms and efforts were made to trace its growth through stages comparable to those of organic life.
- This way of looking at society as a system of parts, each part playing a given function influenced the study of social institutions like the family or the school and structures such as stratification.
- The intellectual ideas that went into the making of sociology have a direct bearing on how sociology studies empirical reality.
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Posted by Lokesh Yadav 5 years, 6 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
The origin of the Miocene hominoids is to be found among the Oligocene primates. The division of the anthropoids into two main groups – the Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and the Catarrhini (Old World monkeys. Today, there are eight extant genera of hominoids. They are the four genera in the family Hominidae, namely Homo, Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo; plus four genera in the family Hylobatidae (gibbons): Hylobates, Hoolock, Nomascus and Symphalangus. Hominids have evolved from hominoids : 1)Hominoids have a smaller brain. Hominids have a bigger brain. 2)Hominoids are quadrupeds , walk on all fours, but with flexible forelimbs. Hominids,by contrast, have an upright posture and biped locomotion ,walk on two feet.
Posted by Carry Minati 5 years, 6 months ago
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Posted by Rituparna Das 5 years, 6 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 5 years, 6 months ago
• A gulf is a large body of water almost encircled by land except for a small mouth that opens out to the sea. A strait is a strip of water that separates two lands or two large bodies of water.
• Straits are used for navigational purposes and have played an integral part when it comes to shipping routes. Gulfs are more useful for human settlements, as such areas provide easy access to the ocean while being well protected as well.
• Gulfs can be easily associated with inland bodies of water as well as the ocean. Straits are mostly discussed with regards to the ocean.
Posted by Tanish Choudhary 5 years, 6 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
Politics is the way that people living in groups make decisions. Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries. The study of politics in universities is called political science, political studies, or public administration. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of traditional societies, through modern local governments, companies and institutions up to sovereign states, to the international level. A political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a society.
Posted by Ridhi Chugh 5 years, 6 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
Separation of powers is a doctrine of constitutional law under which the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate. This is also known as the system of checks and balances, because each branch is given certain powers so as to check and balance the other branches. Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances. The system of separation of powers divides the tasks of the state into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. These tasks are assigned to different institutions in such a way that each of them can check the others.
Posted by Venkata Varshith Narayanam 5 years, 6 months ago
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?Sᴀʀᴋᴀʀ? ▄︻┻┳═一 ? Ꭰꭿꭰꭰꮍ ? 5 years, 6 months ago
Posted by ?Ritesh Gupta☺️ 5 years, 6 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion. This includes changes to the object's speed, direction, or state of rest. Inertia is also defined as the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant velocity. Greater is the mass, higher is its inertia. The same body when is displaced from its position, it acquires variable or constant velocity that is manifestation of motion. Higher is the mass (and therefore inertia), higher is the force required to set it into motion.
Posted by Ranjeet Kumar 5 years, 6 months ago
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꧁༺★ṖŕīᑎƇɛ {Ƭĥɛ Ŀ❤Ѵɛ Ɠʊŕʊ}★༺꧂ ?? 5 years, 6 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 6 months ago
A psychologist does not hold a medical degree and is mainly into academic and research fields.
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@S(Raj)Àĺì ???? 5 years, 6 months ago
Posted by Carry Minati 5 years, 6 months ago
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Vanshika Garg 5 years, 6 months ago
3Thank You