Mechanics of Note-Making:

(a) Use of Abbreviations:

• Capitalized words: UNO, CBSE, NCERT, etc.
• Arithmetic symbols: (><, \, kg, %, etc.)
• Commonly used: (in newspapers, magazines, etc.) (sc., govt., Eng., Sans.)
• Invented: First and last few letters of the words with a dot at the end (edul, poln., popn. mfg.).

(b) Proper Indentation Notes:

1. Sub-Heading

• (Point)
• (Point)
• (Point).
  • (i) (Sub-point)
  • (ii) (Sub-point)

2. Sub-Heading

(b)

Neutralisation in Everyday Life

Indigestion

Our stomach contains hydrochloric acid. It helps us to digest food. But too much of acid in the stomach causes indigestion.Sometimes indigestion is painful. To relieve indigestion, we take an antacid such as milk of magnesia, which contains magnesium hydroxide. It neutralises the effect of excessive acid

Measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed:

•  Make education at the secondary level more career-oriented, which would endow individuals with not only education but also the requisite skills for gaining successful employment.
•  Create a sort of screening process whereby each individual chooses subjects that suit his or her abilities.
•  The introduction of newer subjects and fields of study at the school level should be accompanied by a growth of job opportunities in the sectors that would employ the students electing to study such subjects.

It means Indus Valley Civilization

• भारत का इतिहास सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता से प्रारंभ होता है जिसे हम हड़प्पा सभ्यता के नाम से भी जानते हैं।
• यह सभ्यता लगभग 2500 ईस्वी पूर्व दक्षिण एशिया के पश्चिमी भाग मैं फैली हुई थी,जो कि वर्तमान में पाकिस्तान तथा पश्चिमी भारत के नाम से जाना जाता है।
• सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता मिस्र,मेसोपोटामिया,भारत और चीन की चार सबसे बड़ी प्राचीन नगरीय सभ्यताओं से भी अधिक उन्नत थी।
• 1920 में, भारतीय पुरातत्त्व विभाग द्वारा किये गए सिंधु घाटी के उत्खनन से प्राप्त अवशेषों से हड़प्पा तथा मोहनजोदडो जैसे दो प्राचीन नगरों की खोज हुई।
• भारतीय पुरातत्त्व विभाग के तत्कालीन डायरेक्टर जनरल जॉन मार्शल ने सन 1924 में सिंधु घाटी में एक नई सभ्यता की खोज की घोषणा की।

We all must have observed newly bought iron, silver or copper articles appears very shiny but with the passage of time they get dull. This is due to the layer of metal oxide that develops on its surface. Rusting of iron, silver jewelry getting tarnished, or copper articles getting covered by a green layer. Metals react with atmospheric oxygen and produces metal oxides that are basic in nature because they react with water to form bases.

• In case of rusting of iron, the iron reacts with the oxygen present in air and moisture and develops rust (hydrated iron (III) oxide).

Measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed:

•  Make education at the secondary level more career-oriented, which would endow individuals with not only education but also the requisite skills for gaining successful employment.
•  Create a sort of screening process whereby each individual chooses subjects that suit his or her abilities.
•  The introduction of newer subjects and fields of study at the school level should be accompanied by a growth of job opportunities in the sectors that would employ the students electing to study such subjects.

Chemical Industry: Some chemical plants have been shut down in China. So there will be restrictions on shipments/logistics. It was found that 20% of the production has been impacted due to the disruption in raw material supply. China is a major supplier of Indigo that is required for denim. Business in India is likely to get affected so people securing their supplies. However, it is an opportunity. US and EU will try and diversify their markets. Some of the business can be diverted to India which can also be taken as an advantage.

Shipping Industry: Coronavirus outbreak has impacted the business of cargo movement service providers. As per the sources, per day per vessel has declined by more than 75-80% in dry bulk trade.

Auto Industry: Its impact on Indian companies will vary and depend upon the extent of the business with China. China’s business no doubt is affected. However, current levels of the inventory seem to be sufficient for the Indian industry. If the shutdown in China continues then it is expected to result in an 8-10% contraction of Indian auto manufacturing in 2020.

Pharmaceuticals Industry: Despite being one of the top formulations of drug exporters in the world, the pharma industry of India relies heavily on import as of bulk drugs. Due to the coronavirus outbreak, it will also be impacted.

Textiles Industry: Due to coronavirus outbreak, several garments/textile factories in China have halted operations that in turn affecting the exports of fabric, yarn and other raw materials from India.

Solar Power Sector: Indian developers may face some shortfall of raw materials needed in solar panels/cells and limited stocks from China.

Electronics Industry: The major supplier is China in electronics being a final product or raw material used in the electronic industry. India’s electronic industry may face supply disruptions, production, reduction impact on product prices due to heavy dependence on electronics component supply directly or indirectly and local manufacturing.

IT Industry: The New Year holidays in China has been extended due to coronavirus outbreak that adversely impacted the revenue and growth of Indian IT companies.

Tourism and Aviation: Due to the coronavirus outbreak, the inflow of tourists from China and from other East Asian regions to India will lose that will impact the tourism sector and revenue.

An outbreak of COVID-19 impacted the whole world and has been felt across industries. The outbreak is declared as a national emergency by the World Health Organisation. In India the three major contributors to GDP namely private consumption, investment and external trade will all get affected. World and Indian economy are attempting to mitigate the health risks of COVID-19 with the economic risks and necessary measures needed will be taken to improve it.

The triangular slave trade was conducted between Europe, Africa and the Americas. Since the 17th century, French merchants travelled from the ports of Bordeaux and Nantes to Africa where they bought slaves from the local chieftains. From there, the slaves were branded, shackled and sent off to the Carribean to be sold off to the plantation owners there. Such exploitation of the slaves from Africa made it possible for the European markets to flourish with commodities like sufar, indigo and coffee

A summary is a brief statement or restatement of main points, especially as a conclusion to a work: a summary of a chapter. A brief is a detailed outline, by heads and subheads, of a discourse (usually legal) to be completed: a brief for an argument.

To calculate, GDPMP by, the expenditure method, we add up final expenditure on the goods and services produced by all the economic sectors of an economy. Expenditures incurred on consumption and investment are final expenditures. These are classified into: (i) Private final consumption expenditure. (ii) Government final consumption expenditure. (iii) Gross domestic capital formation. (iv) Net exports = (Exports less Imports) The sum total of these expenditures is GDPMP..

The expenditures approach says GDP = consumption + investment + government expenditure + exports – imports. The income approach sums the factor incomes to the factors of production. The output approach is also called the “net product” or “value added” approach .

Putting Value of X and Y , in LHS we get,

→ (2/x+y)² + (x-y/2)²

→ (2/secA + sinA + secA - sinA)² + (secA + sinA - (secA - sinA)/2)²

→ (2/2secA)² + (secA + sinA - secA + sinA)/2)²

→ 1/sec²A + (2sinA/2)²

[using 1/secA = cosA ]

→ cos²A + sin²A

[ Now , we know that, cos²A + sin²A = 1 ]

Hence,

→ 1 = RHS ( Proved )

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Physics

A vineyard is an area of land where grape <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/vine" title="Definition of vines">vines</a> are <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/grow" title="Definition of grown">grown</a> in order to produce wine. You can <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/also" title="Definition of also">also</a> use vineyard to <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/refer" title="Definition of refer">refer</a> to the set of buildings in which the wine is produced.

Shall and will exercise

Fill in the blanks using will or shall.

1. …………………… the messenger wait for the reply?

2. ………………….. I carry this bag for you?

3. He …………………… . be talking all the time without doing anything.

4. This machine ………………….. work well without giving you any trouble.

5. ………………… .. you give me your dictionary?

6. …………………… you be kind enough to lend me your car?

7. On receipt of this letter you ………………… .. leave for Mumbai at once.

8. ………………… you come with me?

9. Tell him that he …………………… never repeat that mistake.

10. …………………… .. I put the heating on?

Answers

1. Shall the messenger wait for the reply?

2. Shall I carry this bag for you?

3. He will be talking all the time without doing anything.

4. This machine will work well without giving you any trouble.

5. Will you give me your dictionary?

6. Will you be kind enough to lend me your car?

7. On receipt of this letter you shall leave for Mumbai at once.

8. Will you come with me?

9. Tell him that he shall never repeat that mistake.

10. Shall I put the heating on?