वेतनयोगी कर्मचारी 

निम्न लोग खाद्य असुरक्षा से अधिक ग्रस्त हैं:-

(i) अनुसूचित जाति, अनुसूचित जनजाति और अन्य पिछड़ी जातियों के कुछ वर्गों (इनमें से निचली जातियाँ) का या तो भूमि का आधार कमज़ोर होता है या फिर उनकी भूमि की उत्पादकता बहुत कम होती है, वे खाद्य की दृष्टि से शीघ्र असुरक्षित हो जाते है।

(ii) वे लोग भी खाद्य की दृष्टि से सर्वाधिक असुरक्षित होते हैं, जो प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से प्रभावित हैं और जिन्हें काम की तलाश में दूसरी जगह जाना पड़ता हैं।

(iii) खाद्य असुरक्षा से ग्रस्त आबादी का बड़ा भाग गर्भवती तथा दूध पीला रही महिलाओं तथा पाँच वर्ष से कम उम्र के बच्चों का हैं।

16-3(8-3)2÷5

= 16-3(5)2÷5

= 16-30÷5

= 16 - 6

= 10

Follow the following steps:
Step 1 : (i)Read the passage carefully.
(ii)Try to get the theme and subject of the passage. You may ask yourself: “What is this passage about?” This will provide you the gist.
Step 2 : Read carefully. Identify main ideas and important supporting details.
Step 3 : Make notes of the main ideas under headings and add sub-points under sub-headings.
Step 4 : Use proper layout/format, e.g.,
(a) Indented, linear form
(b) Sequential form
(c) Tabular form
(d) Flow chart
(e) Pie chart, graphs or diagrams, etc.
Step 5 : Use recognisable abbreviations wherever possible

Note making Examples Solved Questions

Read the following passages carefully:

Note making Example – Passage 1:

1. Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in order to become a good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example, numberless hobbies to talk about. But the important
   thing is that you must talk about other fellow’s hobby rather than your own. Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your friends about the things that interest them, and you will get a reputation for good fellowship, charming wit, and a brilliant mind. There is nothing that pleases people so much as your interest in their interest.
2. It is just as important to know what subjects to avoid and what subjects to select for good conversation. If you don’t want to be set down as a wet blanket or a bore, be careful to avoid certain unpleasant subjects. Avoid talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their own problems not in yours. Sickness or death bores everybody. The only one who willingly listens to such talk is the doctor, but he gets paid for it.
3. To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say, but how also to say it. Be mentally quick and witty. But don’t hurt others with your wit. Finally try to avoid mannerism in your conversation. Don’t bite your lips or click your tongue, or roll your eyes or use your hands excessively as you speak.
4. Don’t be like that Frenchman who said, “How can I talk if you hold my hand?”

2.1 Make notes an the contents of above paragraph in any format, using abbreviations. Supply a suitable title also. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: The Art of Conversation Notes:

1. Conv’n—most easily tch’ble art
   (a) Reqd. interest’g subject – hobbies
   (b) Talk about other fellow’s int./hobby
   (c) Win’g reptn. as good conversationalist
   (i) good f’ship
   (ii) charm’g wit
   (iii) brl. mind
2. Fit subs, for conversationalist
   (a) What subs, to avoid/select?
   (b) Avoid unpl’nt subs.
   (i) sickness
   (ii) death
   (c) Avoid talk’g about self
3. Qualities of a good conversationalist
   (a) What to say & how to say it
   (b) ment’y quick & witty
   (c) pleasant & unhurt’g
   (d) avoid mannerisms.

2.2 Conversation is the easiest and the most effective tool than other arts. To have such attractive quality, you need to pick a subject that interest your listners more than you. Talk to your friends on topics that can indulge your friends in the conversation for a longer period of time. Being a good conversationalist, you have to quick and witty. You should have a pleasant and unhurting quality. Mannerism should be avoided.

13*{48-(98-58)}-4 × 26

= 13*{48-(40)}-4  × 26

= 13*{8}-4  × 26

= 104 - 104

=0

Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytosol of the cell cytoplasm, in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Excretion is the physiological process of elimination of metabolic waste from the body. The excretory products include amino acids, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia.

The human excretory system comprises of the following excretory organs:

• A pair of kidneys
• A pair of ureters
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra

In linguistics, according to J. Richard et al., an error is the use of a word, speech act or grammatical items in such a way it seems imperfect and significant of an incomplete learning.

Plants are the sources of food ingredients like grains, cereals, vegetables and fruits. Animals provide us with milk, meat products and eggs. Cows, goats and buffaloes are some common animals which give us milk. Milk and milk products like butter, cream, cheese and curd are used all over the world.

Clip art is a collection of pictures or images that can be imported into a document or another program. The images may be either raster graphics or vector graphics. Clip art galleries many contain anywhere from a few images to hundreds of thousands of images. Clip art is typically organized into categories, such as people, objects, nature, etc., which is especially helpful when browsing through thousands of images. Most clip art images also have keywords associated with them. For example, a picture of a female teacher in a classroom may have the keywords "school," "teacher," "woman," "classroom," and "students" associated with it. Most clip art programs allow you to search for images based on these keywords.

Pick out the words from the passage which mean the same as the following : (1×2=2)

(a) save (para 1)

(b) achieved / carried out (para 3)

Sol.

(a) Preserve (b) Accomplished

A n s w e r : Population geography
Explanation
Population geography involves demography in a geographical perspective. It focuses on the characteristics of population distributions that change in a spatial context.

Pick out the words from the passage which mean the same as the following : (1×2=2)

(a) save (para 1)

(b) achieved / carried out (para 3)

Sol.

(a) Preserve (b) Accomplished

1. A Planned Urban Centre: Harappa was a planned urban centre. It was divided into two sections. One section of this city was small. It was built on a higher place. The second section was large but it was at a lower place. The archaeologists has named the first section as Citadel and the second section as the Lower Town. The citadel owed its height to the fact that buildings were constructed on mud brick platforms. It had walls on all its sides. These walls separated it from the Lower Town.

2. The Citadel: The citadel had many buildings which were used for special public purposes. The most important were the following two structures: (i) The Warehouse, (ii) The Great Bath. With its special structure many scholars believe that Great bath to be for some ritual baths.

3. The Lower Town: The Lower Town was also a walled town. Most of the buildings were built on platforms. These platforms served as foundations. It has been estimated that if one worker moved about a cubic metre of earth daily, it would have needed four million person days. In other words, we can say that it required mobilisation of labour on a very large scale.

All the buildings in the city were built on the platforms. Thus the settlement was first planned and then implemented as per the building plan. This planning is also evident from the bricks which were both baked and sun-dried. These bricks were of standardised ratio. Their length and width was four times and twice the height respectively. Such bricks were used in all the settlements of the Harappan Civilisation.

4. Well Planned Drainage System: The drainage system of the Harappan cities were also carefully planned. All the roads and streets were laid out on a grid pattern. They intersected at right angles. It seems that streets having drains were laid out first. Thereafter houses were built along them. Every house had at least one wall along a street so that the domestic waste water could flow into the drain of the street.

5. Residence of Domestic Architecture: The Lower Town of Mohenjodaro had an expansion of residentail buildings. All these buildings had a courtyard. The rooms were on all the sides of the courtyard. In the hot and dry weather, this courtyard was perhaps the centre of activities like cooking and weaving. While constructing residential buildings, the people had full concern for their privacy. These buildings did not have any windows in the walls along the ground level. Besides this, the main entrance does not give a direct view of the interior of the courtyard.

Every house had its own bathroom. It was floored with bricks. Its gutter was connected to the street drain through the wall. Some houses also had stair-case to reach a second storey or the roof. Many houses had wells and these wells were in a room which was easily approachable. Any body could reach it even from outside. 

Socialism is defined as an economic system in which the means of production are owned not by private individuals but by the community in order that all may share more fairly in the wealth produced.

(i) Liberals believed in changing society, thought that only propertied men should have right to vote.
(ii) Radicals believed in rule of majority, supported women's right to vote.