Galaxy: A system of billions of stars is called galaxy. We are living in the Milky Way (Akash Ganga) galaxy. On a clear night, you can easily see a faint band of cloud running across the sky. This is the Milky Way galaxy.

The Mughals recruited diverse bodies of people in order to run the empire smoothly. Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as mansabdars.
The term mansabdar referred to an individual holding a mansab, meaning a position or rank. It was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix rank, salary and military responsibilities.
The mansabdars were assigned to military responsibilities. For this, they maintained a specified number of sawar or cavalrymen. The mansabdar brought his cavalrymen for review, got them registered, their horses branded and then received money to pay them as salary.

If we want to write and speak about things that we think will or could happen in the future, we have to use the future tense. It shows that the timeline of the action hasn’t actually occurred yet, but will later. We discuss all kinds of things about the future, from wishes to predictions; starting tonight, tomorrow, or even 20 years from now, so there are different types of future <a href="https://englishsentences.com/tenses/" title="tenses">tenses</a> to help share them all. But, the future tense is special, because unlike the past and present tenses, it doesn’t have its own verb forms.

2. Examples of Future Tense

The future tense can be expressed in a variety of ways. Here are some of the most common:

• I will write a book.     Simple Future
• He will be writing a book.      Future Continuous
• They will have written the book.      Future Perfect
• We will have been writing the book in class.      Future Perfect Continuous

A n s w e r
An MLA is a member of the Legislative Assembly. They are elected by the people of their constituency. The MLAs represent the people in their constituency in the Legislative Assembly.

प्रति व्यक्ति आय उस आय को कहा जाता है जब किसी देश के कुल सकल घरेलू उत्पाद को जब उस देश की उस वर्ष की मध्यावधि तिथि की जनसंख्या से विभाजित किया जाता है। यह हमें उस देश के निवासियों को प्राप्त होने वाली औसत आय की मौद्रिक जानकारी देता है। अर्थात यह बताता है की उस देश में उत्पन्न होने वाली धनराशि को यदि बाँटा जाए तो सबके भाग में कितना पहुँचेगा।

Just like eating, sleep is necessary for survival. Sleep gives your body a rest and allows it to prepare for the next day. It's like giving your body a mini-vacation. Sleep also gives your brain a chance to sort things out.

Social & Economic Factors Associated with Developmental Disabilities

Children who grow up in environmental circumstances of social and economic disadvantage are more likely to have developmental disabilities.

Maternal Risk Factors:
Poverty
Low socioeconomic status
Mental illness
Substance abuse
Living in communities where environmental hazards are plentiful and resources are limited
Prenatal & Perinatal Risk Factors:
Preterm birth
Low birth weight
Central nervous system abnormalities
Prolonged hospitalizations that can drain family resources and interfere with parent-infant bonding
Children in Poverty: Complex and Far-Reaching Risk Factors 
For many children, the environmental risks are compounded during their early years. Poverty remains one of the most complex and far-reaching risk factors, because it affects so many aspects of the life of a child.

In 2006, approximately 1 in 5 US children younger than 6 years and 16% of children ages 6 to 17 years lived in poverty. The rate for children of all ages living in single female-headed families was 42%. During that same year, approximately 17% of children (12.6 million) lived in households with food insecurity. Children who were impoverished were also more likely to have a blood lead level of 10 μg/dL or greater. Children living in poverty are 1.7 times more likely to be born at a low birth weight.

Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, have two main functions: to pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues in the body and to pick up carbon dioxide from other body tissues and unload it in the lungs.

1. A triangle has three sides and three angles.
2. The sum of the angles of a triangle is always 180 degrees.
3. The exterior angles of a triangle always add up to 360 degrees.
4. The sum of consecutive interior and exterior angle is supplementary.
5. The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side. Similarly, the difference between the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is less than the length of the third side.
6. The shortest side is always opposite the smallest interior angle. Similarly, the longest side is always opposite the largest interior angle.

The term “Circle of Justice” describes the relationship between the king and his subjects. According to the “Circle of Justice”, it was important for the military commanders to keep the interests of the peasants in mind because the salaries of the soldiers came from the revenue collected from the peasants, and peasants could pay the revenue only when they were prosperous and happy. Hence, the military commanders promoted justice and honest governance. The peasants therefore lived a peaceful and safe life under the military commanders.

Consumer equilibrium refers to a situation, in which a consumer derives maximum satisfaction, with no intention to change it and subject to given prices and his given income. The point of maximum satisfaction is achieved by studying indifference map and budget line together. On an indifference map, higher indifference curve represents a higher level of satisfaction than any lower indifference curve. So, a consumer always tries to remain at the highest possible indifference curve, subject to his budget constraint.

Conditions of Consumer’s Equilibrium:
The consumer’s equilibrium under the indifference curve theory must meet the following two conditions:
(i) MRS_XY = Ratio of prices or P_X/P_Y:
Let the two goods be X and Y. The first condition for consumer’s equilibrium is that
MRS_XY = P_X/P_Y

(a) If MRS_XY > P_X/P_Y, it means that the consumer is willing to pay more for X than the price prevailing in the market. As a result, the consumer buys more of X. As a result, MRS falls till it becomes equal to the ratio of prices and the equilibrium is established.

(b). If MRS_XY < P_X/P_Y, it means that the consumer is willing to pay less for X than the price prevailing in the market. It induces the consumer to buys less of X and more of Y. As a result, MRS rises till it becomes equal to the ratio of prices and the equilibrium is established.

(ii) MRS continuously falls:
The second condition for consumer’s equilibrium is that MRS must be diminishing at the point of equilibrium, i.e. the indifference curve must be convex to the origin at the point of equilibrium. Unless MRS continuously falls, the equilibrium cannot be established.
Thus, both the conditions need to be fulfilled for a consumer to be in equilibrium.

In Fig, IC₁, IC₂ and IC₃ are the three indifference curves and AB is the budget line. With the constraint of budget line, the highest indifference curve, which a consumer can reach, is IC₂. The budget line is tangent to indifference curve IC₂ at point ‘E’. This is the point of consumer equilibrium, where the consumer purchases OM quantity of commodity ‘X’ and ON quantity of commodity ‘Y. All other points on the budget line to the left or right of point ‘E’ will lie on lower indifference curves and thus indicate a lower level of satisfaction.

Thus, we can conclude that if the consumer is consuming any bundle other than the optimum one, then he would rearrange his consumption bundle in such a manner that the equality between the MRS and the price ratio is established and he attains the state of equilibrium.

People were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s for the following reasons:

(i)The British passed the Arms Act in 1878 which disallowed Indians from possessing arms.

(ii)In the same year British passed the Vernacular Press Act was also enacted in an effort to silence those who were critical of the goverment. It allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything that was critical of the government.

(iii) In 1883, the Ilbert Bill was introduced. The bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country. But the white opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill.

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Word Meaning

Pages 22-23

Saga– long story of events or adventures,लम्बी कहान ी; heir–successor, उत्तराधिकारी; was laid to rest–died; eventually–finally,अंततः;speculated–guessed. अनुमान लगाय ा; clues–link, information, सूचना; precise–exact, accurate, सह ी; data–account; forensic–use of scientific methods in crime investigation, अपराध की जाँच –पड़ताल में वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण; pharaoh–the title of the ancient egyptian kings; stirredup–caused to rise, blew, चली; ancient–of very old times; cemetery–graveyard, burial– ground, कब्रिस्तान ; dark-bellied–bulging, फूले हुए ; scuddedacross–moved fast and smoothly,वेग से चलना;veiling–covering, hiding, आवरण डाल रहे ; casketgrey–ash or lead coloured coffin, धूसर शवपेटिका ; mummy–embalmed human body for burial, रक्षित शव; glided–moved, was pushed, अन्दर गया ; probe–examine closely, जाँच के लिए ; lingering–slow in motion; descended–arrived, climbed down into, आ गए थे; cramped–small in size, सिकुड़ा हुआ; murals–wall paintings,भित्तिचित्र; peered–looked intently,ध्यानपूर्वक देखा ; lid–cover, ढक्कन; pondering–thinking deeplyविचार करते हुए ; shiver–tremble; curse–bad luck, अभिशाप; antiquities–remains of ancient times; archaeologist–पुरातत्ववेत्ता ; futile–unsuccessful, असफल ; contents–treasure; hastily–swiftly: ransacked–looted; antiquity–long past years; legend–a myth, story; stunning–surprising, amazing, विस्मित कर देने वाले ; artefacts–things made by human hand, मानव कृतियाँ; eternal–everlasting,अमर; resurrection–recovered from grave,पुनरुत्थान; sensation–excitement. हलचल; afterlife–next life, life after death; bronze–mixture of brass and copper; linen–cotton; undergarments–under dress, अधोवस्त्र; cases–boxes, पेटियाँ; funerary–relating to burial,कब्र से प्राप्त; coffin–the chest in which a dead body is placed for burial.  Shroud–sheet to wrap a dead body, कफन; adorned–decorated; celery–a kind of plant; petals–leaves,पत्ते; faded–not very sure or clear ;evidence–proof; ritual–ceremonial, विधिसंगत; resins–a kind of gum, राल; cementing–uniting,पक्का चिपका दिया ; legitimate–lawful, genuine, न्यायोचित; hammer–a tool for driving nails, हथौड़ा ; loosen–to soften the glue, ढीला करना l

Page-25

Blazing–scorching, तपतीहुई; budged–moved; detachment–aloofness, objectivity, तटस्थता; consolidated–solidified, ठोस; chiselled away–cut with a tool,छेनी से छीलना पड़ा ; beneath–under,trunk–the main part of the body, शरीर का धड़ ; circumvented–cheated, befooled, धोखा दे देते ; ripped it apart–separated, torn, अलग कर देते; fabulously–excessively, अत्याधिक; lavished–gifted, restored greatly, युक्त किया गया ; glittering–shining, चमकदार; precious–valuable, बहुमूल्य; inlaid–fine material inserted, नगीने जड़े; bracelets–an ornament band for the wrist, कंगन ; amulets–magic chains, रक्षा यंत्र; sheaths–a covering, आवरण; iconic–pertaining to an image; mask–a covering to conceal the faceमुखौटा; adornments–ornaments,श्रृंगार वस्तुएँ ; severed–cut off; reassembled– joined again. पुनः जोड़ दिया ; padding–fill out, भराव ; concealed–hid,छिपा दिया  ; damage–harm done, क्षति ; archaeology–the science of ancient ruins; substantially–greatly; intervening–lying between, बीच में; decades–ten years, दशक ; focussing–giving attention to; fascinating–interesting; intriguing–secret mysterious, रहस्यमय; sophisticated–advanced: anatomy–the science of body- structure, शरीर –रचना शास्त्र ; startling–shock giving,चौंका देने वाली  ;cakes–covers; diagnostic–ascertain disease by symptoms; imaging–taking the pictures of the inside of body: slices–pieces. टुकड़े ; virtual–almost real; reveal–show; lingering–remaining unsolved; demise–death, अंत , मृत्यु; royal standards–criterion, शाही तौर –तरीके या स्तर ; death rattle–death knell, मौत की घंटी ;dynasty–succession of kings of the same family, राज कुल ; particulars–details,सही विवरण ; aftermath–what followed thereafter. बाद की घटनाए ँ; four decades–forty years; succeeded–came to the throne, सिंहासन रूढ़ हुआ; initiated–began, प्रारम्भ किया I

Page 26

Promoted–encouraged, बढ़ावा दिया; shocked–caused disgust, आघात पहुँचाया; smashing–breaking down, तोड़ दिया ; images–statues, मूर्तियाँ; horrific–causing fear, horrifying, डरावना; site–location, स्थान ; wacky–crazy.सनकी ; exited–departed, बाहर निकल गया ; trace–sign, चिह्न; living image of Amun–life- like idol.सूर्य देवता की जीवंत मूर्ति ;restoration–reestablishment, पुनरुद्धार ; reigned–ruled; regardless–in spite of. ignoring; speculation–guess, supposition, अनुमान; inventory–preparing a detailed list. सूची; phase–step; scanning–examining scientifically, वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण; portable–light enough to be carried, हल्की; images–pictures, photos,छायाचित्र; slices–bits, pieces. टुकड़ े; intricate–complex, जटिल; structures–forms. ढाँच े; detail–detail exciting fear, डरावनी; anatomy–science of the structure of the human body; probe–investigate, examine; gilded–coated with gold, सोने का पानी चढ़ा हुआ; pallbearers–those who carry a dead body. शव उठाने वाल ा; ramp–the slope.ढलान; flight of stairs

–a series of steps, सीढ़ियाँ; swirling–moving in a circular motion. अधिक चक्कर खाती; hydraulic–moving with the pressure of water. जलशक्ति से चलने वाल ा; trailer–a vehicle drawn by another; held–contained; emerged–came out; sprinted–ran fast, तेज दौड़ े; quit–left, went out: nervously–in fear, घबराहट के साथ I

Page 27

Eventually–finally, अंततः; substitute–alternative, another, प्रतिस्थापित; procedure–work; data–details; funerary–relating to the funeral or burial; astonishing–amazing, विस्मयकारी; Images–pictures,प्रतिमा  ; scattering–spread out, small-sized, बिखरे हुए ; pixels–small areas of light which make up an image on a screen; tilted–bent.झुकाया  ; revealed–showed; transaction–a part, भाग ;visibly–clearly;relieved–at ease; descending–climbing down, नीचे उतरते ; departed–long last or dead kings. Of Egypt; constellation– a number of stars grouped together, तारामंडलI

Word Meaning

Pages 22-23

Saga– long story of events or adventures,लम्बी कहान ी; heir–successor, उत्तराधिकारी; was laid to rest–died; eventually–finally,अंततः;speculated–guessed. अनुमान लगाय ा; clues–link, information, सूचना; precise–exact, accurate, सह ी; data–account; forensic–use of scientific methods in crime investigation, अपराध की जाँच –पड़ताल में वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण; pharaoh–the title of the ancient egyptian kings; stirredup–caused to rise, blew, चली; ancient–of very old times; cemetery–graveyard, burial– ground, कब्रिस्तान ; dark-bellied–bulging, फूले हुए ; scuddedacross–moved fast and smoothly,वेग से चलना;veiling–covering, hiding, आवरण डाल रहे ; casketgrey–ash or lead coloured coffin, धूसर शवपेटिका ; mummy–embalmed human body for burial, रक्षित शव; glided–moved, was pushed, अन्दर गया ; probe–examine closely, जाँच के लिए ; lingering–slow in motion; descended–arrived, climbed down into, आ गए थे; cramped–small in size, सिकुड़ा हुआ; murals–wall paintings,भित्तिचित्र; peered–looked intently,ध्यानपूर्वक देखा ; lid–cover, ढक्कन; pondering–thinking deeplyविचार करते हुए ; shiver–tremble; curse–bad luck, अभिशाप; antiquities–remains of ancient times; archaeologist–पुरातत्ववेत्ता ; futile–unsuccessful, असफल ; contents–treasure; hastily–swiftly: ransacked–looted; antiquity–long past years; legend–a myth, story; stunning–surprising, amazing, विस्मित कर देने वाले ; artefacts–things made by human hand, मानव कृतियाँ; eternal–everlasting,अमर; resurrection–recovered from grave,पुनरुत्थान; sensation–excitement. हलचल; afterlife–next life, life after death; bronze–mixture of brass and copper; linen–cotton; undergarments–under dress, अधोवस्त्र; cases–boxes, पेटियाँ; funerary–relating to burial,कब्र से प्राप्त; coffin–the chest in which a dead body is placed for burial.  Shroud–sheet to wrap a dead body, कफन; adorned–decorated; celery–a kind of plant; petals–leaves,पत्ते; faded–not very sure or clear ;evidence–proof; ritual–ceremonial, विधिसंगत; resins–a kind of gum, राल; cementing–uniting,पक्का चिपका दिया ; legitimate–lawful, genuine, न्यायोचित; hammer–a tool for driving nails, हथौड़ा ; loosen–to soften the glue, ढीला करना l

Page-25

Blazing–scorching, तपतीहुई; budged–moved; detachment–aloofness, objectivity, तटस्थता; consolidated–solidified, ठोस; chiselled away–cut with a tool,छेनी से छीलना पड़ा ; beneath–under,trunk–the main part of the body, शरीर का धड़ ; circumvented–cheated, befooled, धोखा दे देते ; ripped it apart–separated, torn, अलग कर देते; fabulously–excessively, अत्याधिक; lavished–gifted, restored greatly, युक्त किया गया ; glittering–shining, चमकदार; precious–valuable, बहुमूल्य; inlaid–fine material inserted, नगीने जड़े; bracelets–an ornament band for the wrist, कंगन ; amulets–magic chains, रक्षा यंत्र; sheaths–a covering, आवरण; iconic–pertaining to an image; mask–a covering to conceal the faceमुखौटा; adornments–ornaments,श्रृंगार वस्तुएँ ; severed–cut off; reassembled– joined again. पुनः जोड़ दिया ; padding–fill out, भराव ; concealed–hid,छिपा दिया  ; damage–harm done, क्षति ; archaeology–the science of ancient ruins; substantially–greatly; intervening–lying between, बीच में; decades–ten years, दशक ; focussing–giving attention to; fascinating–interesting; intriguing–secret mysterious, रहस्यमय; sophisticated–advanced: anatomy–the science of body- structure, शरीर –रचना शास्त्र ; startling–shock giving,चौंका देने वाली  ;cakes–covers; diagnostic–ascertain disease by symptoms; imaging–taking the pictures of the inside of body: slices–pieces. टुकड़े ; virtual–almost real; reveal–show; lingering–remaining unsolved; demise–death, अंत , मृत्यु; royal standards–criterion, शाही तौर –तरीके या स्तर ; death rattle–death knell, मौत की घंटी ;dynasty–succession of kings of the same family, राज कुल ; particulars–details,सही विवरण ; aftermath–what followed thereafter. बाद की घटनाए ँ; four decades–forty years; succeeded–came to the throne, सिंहासन रूढ़ हुआ; initiated–began, प्रारम्भ किया I

Page 26

Promoted–encouraged, बढ़ावा दिया; shocked–caused disgust, आघात पहुँचाया; smashing–breaking down, तोड़ दिया ; images–statues, मूर्तियाँ; horrific–causing fear, horrifying, डरावना; site–location, स्थान ; wacky–crazy.सनकी ; exited–departed, बाहर निकल गया ; trace–sign, चिह्न; living image of Amun–life- like idol.सूर्य देवता की जीवंत मूर्ति ;restoration–reestablishment, पुनरुद्धार ; reigned–ruled; regardless–in spite of. ignoring; speculation–guess, supposition, अनुमान; inventory–preparing a detailed list. सूची; phase–step; scanning–examining scientifically, वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण; portable–light enough to be carried, हल्की; images–pictures, photos,छायाचित्र; slices–bits, pieces. टुकड़ े; intricate–complex, जटिल; structures–forms. ढाँच े; detail–detail exciting fear, डरावनी; anatomy–science of the structure of the human body; probe–investigate, examine; gilded–coated with gold, सोने का पानी चढ़ा हुआ; pallbearers–those who carry a dead body. शव उठाने वाल ा; ramp–the slope.ढलान; flight of stairs

–a series of steps, सीढ़ियाँ; swirling–moving in a circular motion. अधिक चक्कर खाती; hydraulic–moving with the pressure of water. जलशक्ति से चलने वाल ा; trailer–a vehicle drawn by another; held–contained; emerged–came out; sprinted–ran fast, तेज दौड़ े; quit–left, went out: nervously–in fear, घबराहट के साथ I

Page 27

Eventually–finally, अंततः; substitute–alternative, another, प्रतिस्थापित; procedure–work; data–details; funerary–relating to the funeral or burial; astonishing–amazing, विस्मयकारी; Images–pictures,प्रतिमा  ; scattering–spread out, small-sized, बिखरे हुए ; pixels–small areas of light which make up an image on a screen; tilted–bent.झुकाया  ; revealed–showed; transaction–a part, भाग ;visibly–clearly;relieved–at ease; descending–climbing down, नीचे उतरते ; departed–long last or dead kings. Of Egypt; constellation– a number of stars grouped together, तारामंडलI

The French society was divided into 3 estates.
(i) The Clergy
(ii) The Nobility and
(iii) Businessmen, merchants, court officials, peasants, artisans, landless labour &
Servants
The members of the first two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility, enjoyed certain privileges by birth. The most important of these was exemption from paying taxes to the state.

Peasants, belonging to the 3rd estate made up of 90 per cent of the population. Peasants were obliged to render services to the members of the 1st and 2nd estate and to work in their houses and fields and to serve in the army or to participate in building roads.