Some characteristic features of Euglenoids are as follows.

• Euglenoids (such as Euglena) are unicellular protists commonly found in fresh water.

• Instead of cell wall, a protein-rich cell membrane known as pellicle is present.

• They bear two flagella on the anterior end of the body.

• A small light sensitive eye spot is present.

• They contain photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll and can thus prepare their own food. However, in absence of light, they behave similar to heterotrophs by capturing other small aquatic organisms.

• They have both plant and animal-like features, which makes them difficult to classify and hence they are called as connecting link between plants and animals.

• City life began in Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia is derived from the Greek words ‘mesos’, meaning middle, and ‘potamos’, meaning river.)
• It is a flat land between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers that is now part of the Republic of Iraq.
• Mesopotamian civilization was based on definite plan. 
• The first Mesopotamian tablets, written around 3200 BCE, contained picture-like signs and numbers.
• Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay.

The sum of atomic mass of all the atoms present in the chemical formula of a substance is called its formula mass.

Molecular mass is the average relative mass of a single molecule of the given substance compared to 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon12.

Algae reproduce asexually by a variety of spores such as ,

1) Zoospores : these are flagelated , often with an eyespot. Normally these are formed under favourable conditions e.g. Chlamydomonas.
In Vaucheria, compound zoospores called synzoospore are formed.

2) Aplanospores : these are non motile thin walled zoospores , formed by cleavage of protoplasts within a cell. They are formed under unfavourable conditions e.g. Ulothrix

3) Akinetes : these are formed under unfavourable conditions as method of perinnation. They are thick walled and non motile. On release they form new thalli e.g. Anabaena

4) Hypnospores: these are thick walled aplanospores and are formed during unfavourable conditions. Under prolonged unfavourable conditions the protoplasm of Hypnospores divides to make cysts e.g. Chlamydomonas nivalis.

5) Tetraspores : these are haploid thin walled non motile spores formed after reduction division in diploid tetrasporangia e.g. members of Rhodophyceae and Phaeophceae.

6) Autospores : these are similar to the parent cell. In Chlorella and Scenedesmus autospores acquire all characteristics of parent cells before their discharge from sporangium.

Mr. M starts business with Rs. 20,000 on 1st April 2012. Of this he pays Rs. 15000 into his bank account. His cash transactions during the week were:
April 1 Purchased stationery for cash Rs. 100
April 2 Purchased goods for cash Rs. 2500
April 2 Cash Sales Rs.1500
April 3 Received from J Brown Cash on account Rs. 1000
April 4 Paid to J. R Cash Rs. 2200
April 5 Paid for Advertisement Rs. 400
April 6 Cash Sales Rs. 1800
April 6  Purchased old machinery Rs. 800
April 6 Purchase from sham on credit Rs. 6000

At sunrise and sunset, the sun is near the horizon. The rays of light from the upper part and lower part of the periphery of the sun bend unequally on travelling through earth's atmosphere. That is why the sun appears oval or flattened at the time of sunrise and sunset.

At noon, the sun is overhead. The rays of light from the sun enter earth's atmosphere normally. Therefore, they suffer no refraction or bending on passing through earth's atmosphere. Hence the sun appears circular at noon.

Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

• All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
• All atoms of a specific element are identical in mass, size, and other properties. However, atoms of different element exhibit different properties and vary in mass and size.
• Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. Furthermore, atoms cannot be divided into smaller particles.
• Atoms of different elements can combine with each other in fixed whole-number ratios in order to form compounds.
• Atoms can be rearranged, combined, or separated in chemical reactions.

The connection of two or more LANs over any distance is referred to as a wide area network (WAN). WANs require the use of special software programs in the operating system to enable dial-up connections that may be performed by telephone lines or radio waves.

Double clicking involves clicking your mouse button quickly two times. To perform a double click, and not just two clicks, the mouse button must be pressed twice within a very short time, typically about half a second.

 Atoms are the smallest particles of an element which can take reaction.

      Size of an atom: Atomic radius is measured in nanometres.

      Atomic radii of hydrogen atom = 1 × 10^–10 m.

      Symbols of atoms:

      (a) Symbols for some elements as proposed by Dalton:

      (b) Symbols of some common elements:

The framers of the Constitution were fully conscious that the Constitution should not be very flexible, because, in that case, the Constitution will be a play thing in the hands of any government in the future. So they did not want to adopt the flexibility of the British Constitution. They followed the middle course. Indian Constitution is not very rigid in so far as the essential amendment of the Constitution are concerned. But at the same time it is not very flexible or simple in so far unnecessary amendments were concerned.

Procedure for the Amendment of the Indian Constitution:

1. Amendment by simple majority: The Indian Parliament has the power to amend some of the provisions of the Constitution by its own initiative or by the initiatives of some of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Amendment in the following cases can be made by simple majority in the Parliament:

(a) Matter related to Article 3 of the Constitution whereby a new State is formed or change in the name of boundary of the State is proposed. These matters can be carried out by simple majority of both the Houses of Parliament. But such a legislation will be put before the Parliament only on the desire of the President who will consult the related states on the amendment before putting such a legislation before the Parliament. The State Reorganisation Act of 1956 was carried out by means of this Article. Afterwards many new States were formed or the name boundaries of old States were changed.

(b) Matter related to Article 169 on the formation or abolition of the second chamber or the Legislative Council of states can be decided by simple majority by the Parliament after fulfilling certain formalities.

(c) Amendment on matters related to Article 240 on the good administration of the centrally administered territories can be made by simple majority.

2. Amendment by a special majority in the Parliament: The process of amending the Constitution is given in Article 368. The article or subjects which are not given in this Article, can be amended by the Parliament alone with a special majority. The Bill for such an amendment may be introduced in any of the two Houses. If both the Houses pass it with absolute majority or 2/3 majority of the members present and voting, it will be sent to the President. The Constitution will stand amended on that point, when the Bill is signed by the President. All the subjects which are not mentioned in the first list of the amendment and as well as the third list of the amendment can be amended through this procedure.

Diatoms are the main producers in marine environment. So, they are also known as the 'pearls of ocean'. As walls of diatoms are made of silica, they do left behind a large amount of cell deposits in their habitat. This accumulation is called diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous earth is gritty in nature and hence is used for polishing and, in filtration of oils and syrups.

Surface area of a cube with edge 3 cm is = 6 × (side)²

= 6 × (3)²
= 6 x 9cm²

= 54cm²