Kshatriya (from Sanskrit kṣatra, "rule, authority") is one of the four varna (social orders) of Hindu society, associated with warriorhood. The Sanskrit term kṣatriyaḥ is used in the context of Vedic society wherein members were organised into four classes: brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya and shudra. The administrative machinery in the Vedic India was headed by a tribal king called Rajan whose position was not hereditary. The king was elected in a tribal assembly (called Samiti) which included women. The Rajan protected the tribe and cattle; was assisted by a priest; and did not maintain a standing army, though in the later period the rulership appears to have risen as a class. The concept of the fourfold varna system is not yet recorded

Any four functions of the Zila Parishad are:

1. Supervises the working of the Panchayats and the Block Samitis.
2. Acts as a link between the Panchayat and the Block Samitis.
3. Advises the State government on the working of the Panchayati Raj system.
4. Approves the budget of the Block Samitis and distributes funds among them.
5. Builds, maintains and inspects primary and secondary schools, dispensaries, health centres and hospitals.
6. Supervises the functioning of developmental programmes and is responsible for the implementation of the five-year plans.

The sources of funds for the Gram Panchayat are:

• Collection of taxes on houses, market places, etc.
• Government scheme funds received through the various departments of the government through the Janpad and Zila Panchayats.
• Donations for community works etc.

The Zila Parishad is an elected body. The members of the Zila Parishad are elected by people of a district. The members elect the two top office-bearers of the Zila Parishad- the President and the Vice-President. The other members of the Zila Parishad are as follows:

1. Chairpersons of the Block Samitis.
2. Members of Parliament and State Legislatures (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad).
3. Important officers such as collectors, judges, police officers.
4. Members representing the Scheduled Castes, the Schedule Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
5. Women - one-third of the total seats are reserved for them.

Any four functions of the Zila Parishad are:

1. Supervises the working of the Panchayats and the Block Samitis.
2. Acts as a link between the Panchayat and the Block Samitis.
3. Advises the State government on the working of the Panchayati Raj system.
4. Approves the budget of the Block Samitis and distributes funds among them.
5. Builds, maintains and inspects primary and secondary schools, dispensaries, health centres and hospitals.
6. Supervises the functioning of developmental programmes and is responsible for the implementation of the five-year plans.

The sources of funds for the Gram Panchayat are:

• Collection of taxes on houses, market places, etc.
• Government scheme funds received through the various departments of the government through the Janpad and Zila Panchayats.
• Donations for community works etc.

The Zila Parishad is an elected body. The members of the Zila Parishad are elected by people of a district. The members elect the two top office-bearers of the Zila Parishad- the President and the Vice-President. The other members of the Zila Parishad are as follows:

1. Chairpersons of the Block Samitis.
2. Members of Parliament and State Legislatures (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad).
3. Important officers such as collectors, judges, police officers.
4. Members representing the Scheduled Castes, the Schedule Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
5. Women - one-third of the total seats are reserved for them.

Coordination is a continuous process by which a manager integrates the inter-related activities of different departments in order to achieve the common organisational goals.

Panchayat Samiti or Janpad Panchayat or Block Level Panchayat

Two functions of the Panchayat Samiti are:

1. To supervise and coordinate the working of the Gram Panchayats.
2. To build hospitals and provide health services with various facilities at the community block level.

Discomposed by the sufferings of the people, Siddhartha went out into the world to seek enlightenment. Wandering for seven years, he finally sat under a fig tree and waited till the enlightenment came. His seven days long meditation yielded him Enlightenment. He renamed that tree as the Bodhi Tree (Tree of Wisdom) and began to teach and to share his new understandings. Then he came to be known as the Buddha (the Awakened or the Enlightened).

Objectives of Management Objectives can be classified into organisational, social or personal
(i) Organisational Objectives
(a) Survival It exists for a long time in the competition market.
(b) Profit It provides a vital incentive for the continued successful operations.
(c) Growth Success of an organisation is measured by growth and expansion of activities.
(ii) Social Objectives Involves creation of benefit for society.
(iii) Personal Objectives Objectives of employees like good salary, promotion, social recognition, healthy working conditions.

Panchayat Samiti or Janpad Panchayat or Block Level Panchayat

Two functions of the Panchayat Samiti are:

1. To supervise and coordinate the working of the Gram Panchayats.
2. To build hospitals and provide health services with various facilities at the community block level.

Johann Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and inventor, credited with the inventing of the movable type printing in Europe.Gutenberg was the son of a merchant, and his childhood was spent on a large agricultural estate. From his childhood, he had seen wine and olive presses. By and by, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. (Trinket-A small item of jewellery that is cheap or of low quality). Using this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted the existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press became the base model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system. In 1455, Gutenberg published his 42-lines Bible, commonly known as the Gutenberg Bible. About 180 copies were printed most on paper and some on vellum.

From the early centuries, the grants of land were recorded in inscriptions. Some inscriptions were recorded in copper plates. The records that have survived, give us the following facts:

• The land grants were given to religious institutions or to Brahmanas. The Brahmanas were usually exempted from paying land revenue and other due to the king. The Brahmanas were . often given the right to collect these
  dues from the local people.
• Women were not supposed to have independent access to resources like land. But aristocrat women like Prabhavati Gupta, daughter of Chandragupta II had access to lands.
• All the people in rural areas had to obey the new land of the village and pay him all the taxes.
• Some historians claim that land grants were indicative of weakening political power, as kings were loosing control over their samantas. Sometimes, kings tried to win allies by making grants of land.
• Land grants provide some insight into the relationship between cultivators and the state.
• The system of trade from 600 BCE to 600 CE can be explained in the following ways:
  • Land and river routes criss-crossed the sub-continent and extended in different directions from the 6th century BCE. The ruler tried to control these routes by offering protection for a price.
  • These different routes were transversed by the peddlers who travelled on foot. But the merchants travelled with caravans of bullock carts and pack-animals.
  • There were seafearers. Their ventures
    were risky but highly profitable.
  • Successful merchants, designated as Manattuvan in Tamil and Setthis and Satavahanas in Prakrit w’ere very rich.
  • A wide range of goods were carried from one place to another. These were salt, grain, cloth, metal ores and finished products, stone, timber, medicinal plants, spices and pepper and textiles. All these were transported across the Arabian sea to the Mediterranean.

A Question Tag is a short addition to a sentence, asking for agreement or confirmation. Question tags are very common is conversation and in letters.

How To Apply Question Tags

A positive or affirmative statement takes a negative tag and a negative statement takes a positive tag and the subject of the tag is always a pronoun.

• • He is a good man, is not he?
  • He is not a good man, is he?
  • He works hard, doesn’t he?
  • He doesn’t work hard, does he?

The rules about the gotra are as follows:

Women were expected to give up their father’s gotra and adopt their husband’s gotra on marriage.
Members of the same gotra could not marry.