Appellate Jurisdiction: The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court are of three types: Constitutional, Criminal and Civil.

(a) Constitutional Appeals: A constitutional appeal means an appeal to the Supreme Court against the decision of a High Court for interpretation of the constitution in any case. Such an appeal can be brought to Supreme Court if the High Court certifies that interpretation of the constitution is required in that case or secondary if the Supreme Court grant a special leave of appeal.

(b) Appeal in Civil Cases: As regards the appeals in civil cases, the 30th amendment, 1972 has brought about significant changes. Prior to the 30th amendment appeal to the Supreme Court in civil proceedings against a judgement, decree or final order of a High Court required that the amount or value of subject-matter of the dispute was not less than Rs. 20,000. The 30th amendment sought to do away with the monetary limits for invoking the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

(c) Criminal Appeals: The following criminal cases can be brought to Supreme Court as appeal.

(i) If a criminal is acquitted by a lower court and he is sentenced to death by High Court.

(ii) If a High Court awards death sentence in case which it had taken from a lower court undecided.

(iii) If the High Court certifies that the case is a fit to be taken to the Supreme Court as an appeal.

If velocity is doubled, Kinetic Energy increases by 4 times.

Kinetic energy of a body is the energy possessed by it, by virtue of its motion, i.e. if the body is moving it will always have kinetic energy.

so kinetic energy is directly proportional to v^2
coz mass is constant
so new kinetic energy changes as (2v)^2 =4v^2
so kinetic energy increases 4 times

=

mean

From the web

The mean is the average of the numbers. It is easy to calculate: add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are. In other words it is the sum divided by the count.

शक्तियों के विभाजन में शामिल नहीं होने वाले मामलों को अवशिष्ट शक्तियों के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह महसूस किया गया था कि ऐसे विषय हो सकते हैं जिनका उल्लेख इन दोनों सूचियों में नहीं है। केंद्र सरकार को इन 'अवशिष्ट' पर कानून बनाने की शक्ति दी गई है

Matters which are not included in the division of powers, are known as residuary powers. It was felt that there can be subjects which are not mentioned in either of these lists. The central government has been given the power to legislate on these 'residuary' 

Writing Informal Invitations:
Informal

• Written in a letter form, in an informal format. Such letters are very persuasive in nature.
• Written in the first person.
• Salutation is ‘dear + name’.
• Complimentary close ‘Yours sincerely’.
• Date of writing the invitation is given.
• Sender’s address appears on the left-hand side.
• Various tenses used to suit the sense.

Sample 1: Mr and Mrs G Joseph of 27, The Apple Tree Orchard, Kottayam, have decided to have a party on the occasion of the twenty-first birthday of their son, Vineet. Write the invitation giving details of the date, time and venue. Do not exceed 50 words.

The Ministry of Law and Justice in the Government of India is a cabinet ministry which deals with the management of the legal affairs, legislative activities and administration of justice in India through its three departments namely the Legislative Department and the Department of Legal Affairs and the Department of Justice respectively

The administration of justice is the process by which the legal system of a government is executed. The presumed goal of such an administration is to provide justice for all those accessing the legal system. First, the fair administration of justice is important for the rule of law in that it ensures state practice and policies protect against the 'infringement of the fundamental human rights to life, liberty, personal security and physical integrity of the person.

Good manners hold great importance in a persons’ life. In order to become successful in life, one should always take care of how he interacts. Various businessman and successful people are achieving heights. This is because of their good manners and skills. If a boss does not speak properly with his employees then they will leave the job. Therefore good manners are essential in any field of life.
Our parents have always taught us to respect our elders. Because if we won’t respect our elders then our Youngers will not respect us. Respect also comes in good manners. Respect is one of the most essential needs of a person. Moreover, many people work really hard to earn respect. Since I was a child I have always heard from my parents that respect is the utmost thing you should aim for. Therefore everyone deserves respect in life.

Writing a number to show the value of each digit.

It is shown as a sum of each digit multiplied by its matching place value (ones, tens, hundreds, etc.)


For example: 4,265 = 4 × 1,000 + 2 × 100 + 6 × 10 + 5 × 1

Political rights: Political rights are supplemented by several types of civil liberties, i.e. right to express one’s views freely, right to protest, free and fair trial, etc. These rights make the government accountable and ensure an opportunity to each and every individual to influence the decisions of government:

• Political rights provide equality to all citizens.
• Every citizen has the right to participate in political process.
• Political rights provide the right to vote and elect representatives.
• Every citizen enjoys the right to contest elections and right to form political parties.

A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his office before his term expires on the ground of incapacity or misbehavior if Parliament approves it by a majority of two-third members of the Parliament (Both the houses) present and voting. Finally, the President exercises the right to remove a judge if impeachment is proved.

Crude oil, liquid petroleum that is found accumulated in various porous rock formations in Earth’s crust and is extracted for burning as fuel or for processing into chemical products.

Which one of the following media unit is owned by the government
(a) the publicaton division
(b) the Hindustan times
(c) the times of India
(d) none of these

ANs (a) the publicaton division

Who described Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’? 
(a) Ernest Renan 

(b) Louis Philippe
  (c) Napoleon Bonaparte 
(d) Metternich

Ans : (d) Metternich 

Democracy produces an accountable government because it provides regular, free and fair elections regularly. Open discussions are held on all major issues and legislations.
Democracy gives its citizens the right to information about the government and its functioning.
Democracy provides a responsive government as it is formed by elected representatives of the people. These representatives discuss the problems of the society and make policies and programmes accordingly. The representatives also ensure that the programmes are implemented.
Democracies follow a constitution, so they are legitimate. The laws of the country are applicable to everyone, even to the government members. Free and fair elections are held in democracies and the people have the power to eliminate parties they are not happy with, in the next election.