19वीं शताब्दी में यूरोपीय महाद्वीप में राष्ट्रवाद (nationalism) की एक लहर चली जिसने यूरोपीय देशों का कायाकल्प कर दिया। जर्मनी, इटली, रोमानिया आदि नवनिर्मित देश कई क्षेत्रीय राज्यों को मिलाकर बने जिनकी राष्ट्रीय पहचान 'समान' थी। यूनान, पोलैण्ड, बल्गारिया आदि स्वतन्त्र होकर राष्ट्र बन गये। राष्ट्रवादी चेतना का उदय यूरोप में पुनर्जागरण काल से ही शुरू हो चुका था, परन्तु 1789 ई. के फ्रान्सीसी क्रांति में यह सशक्त रूप लेकर प्रकट हुआ।
१८वीं सदी में कई देश जैसे जर्मनी, इटली तथा स्विटजरलैण्ड आदि उस रूप में नहीं थे जैसा कि आज हम इन्हें देखते हैं। अठारहवीं सदी के मध्य जर्मनी, इटली और स्विट्जरलैंड राजशाहियों, डचों और कैंटनों में बँटे हुए थे, जिनके शासकों के स्वायतत्ता क्षेत्र थे। इसी प्रकार, पूर्वी और मध्य यूरोप निरंकुश राजतन्त्रों के अधीन थे और इन क्षेत्रों में तरह-तरह के लोग रहते थे। वे अपने आप को एक सामूहिक पहचान या किसी 'समान संस्कृति' का भागीदार नहीं मानते थे। ऐसी स्थिति राजनीतिक एकता को आसानी से बढ़ावा देने वाली नहीं थी। इन तरह-तरह के समूहों को आपस में बाँधने वाला तत्व, केवल सम्राट के प्रति सबकी निष्ठा थी।
फ्रांसीसी क्रान्ति से पहले फ्रांस एक ऐसा राज्य था जिनके सम्पूर्ण भूभाग पर एक निरकुंश राजा का शासन था। फ्रांसीसी क्रांति का नारा 'स्वतंत्रता, समानता और विश्वबंधुत्व' ने राजनीति को अभिजात्यवर्गीय परिवेश से बाहर कर उसे अखबारों, सड़कों और सर्वसाधारण की वस्तु बना दिया। १९वीं शताब्दी तक आते-आते परिणाम युगान्तकारी सिद्ध हुए। नेपोलियन की संहिता - इसे 1804 में लागू किया गया। इसने जन्म पर आधरित विशेषाधिकारों को समाप्त कर दिया। इसने न केवल न्याय के समक्ष समानता स्थापित की बल्कि सम्पत्ति के अधिकार को भी सुरक्षित किया।
१८वीं शताब्दी के अन्तिम वर्षों में नेपोलियन के आक्रमणों ने यूरोप में राष्ट्रीयता की भावना के प्रसार में महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया। इटली, पोलैण्ड, जर्मनी और स्पेन में नेपोलियन ने ही 'नवयुग' का संदेश पहुँचाया। नेपोलियन के आक्रमण से इटली और जर्मनी में एक नया अध्याय आरम्भ हुआ। उसने समस्त देश में एक संगठित एवं एकरूप शासन स्थापित किया । इससे वहाँ राष्ट्रीयता के विचार उत्पन्न हुए। इसी राष्ट्रीयता की भावना ने जर्मनी और इटली को मात्र भौगोलिक अभिव्यक्ति की सीमा से बाहर निकालकर उसे वास्तविक एवं राजनैतिक रूप प्रदान की जिससे इटली और जर्मनी के एकीकरण का मार्ग प्रशस्त हुआ।

⬆️(पोलैंड के राष्ट्रवादी भावनाओंको)

7×7=49 so the root of √49=7

√49 = 7

Common noun

Common Noun

Common noun

Common

The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. ... The prime minister of India is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power.

There is no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister. The President appoints the Prime Minister. But the President cannot appoint anyone he likes. He appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister. In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support. The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition. 
Since the Prime Minister is the head of the government, he enjoys wide-ranging powers : 
(i) He chairs Cabinet meetings and coordinates the work of different Departments. His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between Departments. 
(ii) He exercises general supervision of different ministries. All ministers work under his leadership. 
(iii) The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers. 
(iv) He also has the power to dismiss ministers. When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits. 
Thus, the Prime Minister is the most powerful person within the Cabinet.

तातुश सज्जन प्रवृत्ति के अधेड़ अवस्था के शिक्षक हैं, वे दयालु हैं तथा करुण भाव से युक्त हैं। जब बेबी उनके घर काम करने आई तो उन्होंने उसके काम की प्रशंसा की। वे उसे अपनी बेटी के समान समझते थे। वे उसे कदम-कदम पर प्रोत्साहित करते थे। बेबी की पढ़ने के प्रति रुचि देखकर वे कॉपी व पेन देते हैं तथा उसे लिखने के लिए प्रेरित करते हैं। वे उसके बच्चों को स्कूल में भेजने की व्यवस्था करते हैं। उसका घर टूट जाने के बाद उसे अपने घर में जगह देते हैं। वे उसके बड़े लड़के को ढूँढ़कर उससे मिलवाते हैं तथा बाद में अच्छी जगह पर उसे काम दिलवाते हैं। जब कभी बेबी के बच्चे बीमार होते हैं तो उनका इलाज भी करवाते थे। तातुश बेबी के लेखन को अपने मित्रों के पास भेजते थे। वे कोई ऐसी बात नहीं करते थे जिससे बेबी को ठेस लगे। ऐसे चरित्र समाज में दुर्लभ होते हैं तथा आदर्श रूप प्रस्तुत करते हैं।

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अफवाहें तभी फैलती हैं जब वे लोगों के गहरे डर और संदेह से गूंजते हैं:

(i) सबसे महत्वपूर्ण था कारतूसों की खुद की अफवाह जो सिपाहियों को प्रभावित करती है और असंतोष का अंतिम ट्रिगर बन गई है।

(ii) अंग्रेजों ने आटे में गायों और सूअरों की हड्डियों की धूल मिलाकर भारतीयों के धर्म को प्रदूषित करने की कोशिश की, जिसके कारण लोगों ने आटे को छूने से परहेज किया और अंग्रेजों के प्रति वैमनस्य पैदा किया।

(iii) प्लासी की लड़ाई के शताब्दी वर्ष के अंत में आने वाले ब्रिटिश शासन के बारे में अफवाहों ने भी स्वामी के खिलाफ विद्रोह के आह्वान को प्रबल कर दिया

(iv) लोगों ने पश्चिमी शिक्षा और सामाजिक सुधार की शुरुआत करने वाली हालिया ब्रिटिश नीतियों के बीच एक संबंध बनाया, जिसने सांस्कृतिक प्रथाओं को लक्षित किया।

(v) सिद्धांत की चूक के बहाने भी जनता ने अंग्रेजों के मूल्यांकन पर संदेह किया

(vi) ब्रिटिश प्रणाली का प्रशासन, अपने स्वयं के कानून और भूमि राजस्व संग्रह का परिचय।

(vii) ईसाई मिशनरियों की गतिविधियों ने भी संदेह और परेशानी को जन्म दिया i

रूढ़िवाद एक राजनीतिक दर्शन है जिसने परंपरा, स्थापित संस्थानों और रीति-रिवाजों के महत्व पर जोर दिया और त्वरित परिवर्तन के लिए क्रमिक विकास को प्राथमिकता दी।
1815 में यूरोपीय परंपरावाद की हार के बाद यूरोपीय सरकारें रूढ़िवाद से प्रेरित थीं। रूढ़िवादी वे लोग थे जो मानते थे कि राज्य और समाज की पारंपरिक संस्थाएं जैसे राजशाही चर्च, सामाजिक पदानुक्रम, संपत्ति और परिवार को संरक्षित किया जाना चाहिए।

a ns wer

Horizontal  Powers Sharing
(i) Horizontal Division of powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which power is shared , among different organs of government as, legislature, executive and judiciary.
(ii) In horizontal division of powers, different organs of government exercise different powers, i.e., there is a concept of separation of powers.
(iii) Horizontal distribution specifies the concept of checks and balances in order to check the exercises of unlimited powers of the organs.
(iv) Horizontal distribution of power ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.

Vertical Powers Sharing
(i) In Vertical Division of powers, power can be shared among governments at different levels like union, state and local levels of such government, i.e., it involves higher and lower levels of government.
(ii) Whereas, in vertical division of powers, constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government.
(iii) There is no such concept of checks and balances in the vertical Division because powers are clearly given by the constitution from the higher level to the lower level.
(iv) Vertical division of powers promotes the concept of deepening of democracy.

Kui ki rashte me mar gyi tha

धरना एक रूप है जिसमें लोग किसी कार्यस्थल या स्थान के बाहर एकत्र होते हैं जहाँ कोई कार्यक्रम हो रहा होता है।
या
धरना प्रदर्शन या विरोध का एक रूप है जिसके द्वारा लोग किसी दुकान, कारखाने या कार्यालय के प्रवेश द्वार को अवरुद्ध करते हैं।

धरना

The three-fold distribution of legislative powers:

(a) Union list: Union lists consist of 97 subjects. It includes subjects of National importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency.

(b) State list: State list consists of 65 subjects. It contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation.

(c) Concurrent list: Concurrent list consists of 47 subjects It includes subjects of common interest to both such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.

 

(ii) Union Government can make laws on the subjects which are not covered under these lists. The name has been given to such subjects is residuary subjects.

The economic strength of the country depends upon the development of manufacturing industries. 

Manufacturing industries give major boost to agriculture in the following ways. 

• Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, but also reduces the dependence of people on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. 
• Agro industries boost agriculture by increasing its productivity. They depend on raw materials from agricultural sector. 
• The industries sell their products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, machines and tools to the farmers. The manufacturing industries thus make production process efficient. 
• Industries boost agriculture by transporting the goods produced to various markets. 

3.30 However, since its Independence in 1947, India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991.

3.30

Money is used as a medium of exchange because it serves as a common medium through which people can carry out buying and selling. Use of money makes economic activities independent of each other. At the same time, it removes the inconvenience caused by the barter system.

For example, a person wants to sell sugar and buy wheat. He has to look for a person who wants sugar and has wheat to sell. In contrast, if in an economy, where money is used, the person who wants to sell sugar only has to look for a buyer for his sugar. The money which he will get can be used to purchase the wheat or any other commodity in the market. Since, money is used in the exchange process it is called a medium of exchange.f

धरना एक रूप है जिसमें लोग किसी कार्यस्थल या स्थान के बाहर एकत्र होते हैं जहाँ कोई कार्यक्रम हो रहा होता है।
या
धरना प्रदर्शन या विरोध का एक रूप है जिसके द्वारा लोग किसी दुकान, कारखाने या कार्यालय के प्रवेश द्वार को अवरुद्ध करते हैं।

picketing is a form of ptotest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place.
or
Picketing is a form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office.

Yaa....but why?

Here is the average blood type distribution in the Indian population:

• O+ = 27.85%
• O- = 1.43%
• A+ = 20.8%
• A- = 0.57%
• B+ = 38.14%
• B- = 1.79%
• AB+ = 8.93%
• AB- = 0.49%

Therefore we see that the most common blood group in India is B positive. The second most prevalent blood group in India is O positive.

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• Today, the world has the been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport.
• Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system.
• Therefore, transport communication and trade are complementary to each other.
• Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet have been contributing to its economic progress in many ways.
• Transport and communication are the basic arteries of nation’s economy. They link areas of production with consumption agriculture and industry.
• They help in the development of all the economic sectors - primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary.<button aria-label="like this post" title="like this post">
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Where the work can be found for me?

DNA can be separated by agarose gel electrophoresis in which agarose is used as a matrix. DNA sample is added to the slot and current is applied to it. The smaller molecules move faster and the larger molecules are retarded. In this method, separation is based on charge and size of the DNA fragment. Isolation of DNA from agarose gels by electrophoresis can be done using the DEAE-cellulose membrane. It is done by transfer of all DNA fragments from an agarose slab gel onto DEAE-cellulose paper. Individual fragments of DNA are then eluted using 0.1 M NaCl.

The dielectric strength of a material is a measure of the electrical strength of an insulator. It is defined as the maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric breakdown through the material.

Its SI unit is Volts per unit thickness.

Out of syllabus

But it is out of syllabis

Van de graaff generator is used to generate high voltages of the order of a few million volts. This results in generation of large electric fields for experimental purposes.

Principle

• The inner sphere has a higher potential than outer if the charge q is positive.
• If the two spheres are connected through a wire, the charge will flow from high to low potential.
• Thus, providing smaller potentials at the inner sphere will keep building large amount of charge at the outer sphere, till the breakdown field of air (3 x 10⁶ V/m) is reached.
• This accumulates close to millions of volts.

(a)Polar Dielectric : Those substances in which the centre of positive and negative ions of molecules are not concentrated but are separated, are called polar dielectric substances. Each molecule of these substances have net permanent electric dipole moment and each molecule behaves like an electric dipole. For example, HCl molecule  

In absence of an external electric field, the molecules of a polar dielectric substance are arranged in irregular manner due to thermal energy. Due to this, any volume of a substance which has molecules in large amount has zero resultant dipole moment and thus, the resultant dipole moment of the substance is zero. On placing the substance in external electric field, each molecule applies torque on the dipole that tries to align the molecule along the direction of external electric field. On increasing the electric field intensity of the external electric field, more of the molecules get align themselves in the direction of the external electric field. Thus, there is net dipole moment in the substance.

(b)Non−polar Dielectrics : Those substances in which the centre of both passive and negative charges of the molecules are coincide, are called non-polar dielectric substances. For example, H2​, CO2​, N2​ and O2​ etc.  Each molecule of these substances has zero dipole moment. Thus, the net dipole moment of the whole substance is zero.

If a non-polar dielectric substance is kept in an external electric field, then the centre of the positive charge is along the electric field and the centre of the negative charge is displaced opposite to the direction of the electric field. this induces some dipole moment in each molecule.
"The induction of electric dipole moment in a dielectric substance in the presence of external electric field is called the polarization of dielectric substance.

The country is surrounded by the bay of Bengal in the East, the Arabian sea in the West, and the Indian ocean to south

1.Ariban sea 2.Bay of bangal 3.Indian ocean

It is mostly surrounded by the Indian Ocean

India is part of the continent of Asia. Most of India forms a peninsula, which means it is surrounded by water on three sides. The world's highest mountain range, the Himalaya, rises in the north. The southeast is bordered by the Bay of Bengal, and the southwest is bordered by the Arabian Sea.

1.The movements started with the middle class participation in the cities by boycotting the foreign goods, liquor shops picketed,council elections were boycotted except in Madras.Teachers, student's lawyers, headmasters gave up their services. 2.From cities, NCM spread to the countryside. Peasants demanded for the reduction of revenue, abolition of begar & social boycott of oppressive landlords. This movement developed under the Leadership of Baba Ramchandra. 3. Tribal peasants also participated in the NCM. The colonial govt put strict forest laws which affected the livelihood of the tribals. Alluri sitaram raju came to led them. 4.Plantation workers participated the movement with the hope that they would be free to move out of the confined space in which they had been enclosed. 5.Business class people also participated, they refused to trade in foreign goods & finance foreign trade.

a. The middle class group boycotted the foreign goods which helps our local products.
b. The peasants took part with the aim of fulfilling their demand of reduction of the revenue.
c. Plantation workers joined the movement in the belief of getting the right to move inside the plantations for transportation.
d. The Tribal in Andhra Pradesh took part in the movement against the British because of the restrictions imposed by them over their culture and tradition