Planning makes the work of controlling easier. Therefore, it is considered as the base of controlling. By determining the objectives of the organisation through planning all the people working in the organisation and all the departments are informed about ‘when’, ‘what’ and ‘how’ to do things. Standards are laid down about their work, time and cost, etc. Under controlling, the actual work done is compared with the standard work and deviations are found out and if the work has not been done as desired, the person concerned is held responsible. For example, a labourer is to do 10 units of work in a day (it is a matter of planning), but actually he completes 8 units. Thus there is a negative deviation of 2 units. For this, he is held responsible. (Measurement of actual work, knowledge of deviation and holding the labourer responsible falls under controlling). Thus, in the absence of planning controlling is not possible.

Mutual inductance, between a pair of coils, equals the magnetic flux, linked with one of them due to a change of unit current flowing in the other. Alternatively,The mutual inductance, for a pair of coils, equals the emf induced, in one of them, when the current in the other coil is changing at a unit rate.

Answer 

In the given case, The production department is blaming sales department for poor sales and sales department is blaming production department for delayed production.

Hence,
Coordination is missing in the organisation due to lack of coordination among departments, the organisation is incurring losses

Such questions are meant to test your writing skills and should be attempted on your own. However, these points might help you elaborate:
- Tourism is big business.
- It can earn considerable revenue for the country, create job opportunities and promote conservation of natural treasures.
- the Indian government needs to start promotional drives for tourist spots, offer discounted packages.
- International tourists would appreciate easy currency exchange, better travel and hotel arrangements.
- safety of tourists has to be given special attention.
- Adventure sports can be introduced at beaches, hills, etc.
- Eco-tourism and green tourism have also become popular and can be explored.

Seeding is given to some special teams or those teams which are winners/runners up of the last year’s tournament. In seeding, the strong teams are selected to keep them at appropriate places in the fixtures so that they should not meet in the earlier rounds.

Seeding method: there is always a possibility in knock-out tournament that strong teams may be paired with weak teams or all strong teams might have been grouped in upper half or lower half. Some strong teams have the possibility to be eliminated in the preliminary round. To avoid such a situation seeding method is used. In this method, the strong teams are selected to keep them at appropriate place in fixture.

Special seeding: in special seeding, the seeded players participate directly in quarter-final or semi-final. They need not wait for longer duration.

Example: If 20 participating in a table tennis tournament on knock-out basis, and four teams are to be kept in special seeding. Draw their fixtures.

Teams

Igneous rocks are defined as types of rocks that are formed when molten rock (rock liquefied by intense heat and pressure) cools to a solid-state.

Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centers (when cooled they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). Pyroclastic deposits are accumulations of fragmented material (e.g. ash, bombs, tuffs, and volcanic breccias) ejected during volcanic eruptions.

Types of Igneous Rock

Following are the two types of igneous rock:

1. Intrusive igneous rock: These rocks crystallize below the earth’s surface resulting in large crystals as the cooling takes place slowly. Diorite, granite, pegmatite are examples of intrusive igneous rocks.
2. Extrusive igneous rock: These rocks erupt onto the surface resulting in small crystals as the cooling takes place quickly. The cooling rate is for a few rocks is so quick that they form an amorphous glass. Basalt, tuff, pumice are examples of extrusive igneous rock.

Annual Growth Rate of Population refers to the rate at which the number of individuals in a given popular increase over a year, expressed as a fraction of the initial popular of the previous years.

Other important explanation:

Growth of population or population growth refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country during a specific period of time, say during the last ten years.
It can be expressed in two ways:

Absolute Numbers. It is obtained by simply subtracting the earlier population from the later population. It is referred to as the ‘absolute increase’.
Annual Growth Rate. When the rate or pace of population is studied in per cent per annum. If increase is 2 per cent, i.e., there was an increase of two persons for every 100 persons in the base population. This is referred to as the annual growth rate.

There are 36 matches in the fixture of 9 teams.

Explanation:

Using robin method cyclic method, the number of matches is given as:

μ = N(N - 1)/2

Where,

N = Number of teams

From question, the number of teams is 9.

On substituting the values, we get,

μ = 9(9 - 1)/2

μ = (9 × 8)/2

μ = 72/2

∴ μ = 36 matches

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Births, deaths and migration

• When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, population increases.
• When the death rate is more than the birth rate, population decreases. When the two rates are equal, the population remains constant.
• Thus, the birth and death rates affect the balance of population.

• Migration - The movement of people in and out of an area. Immigration has contributed to population, in developed countries, as people from developing countries move to these countries to seek better prospects.