The third level is a medium of escape through which man yearns to be away from life’s harsh realities. Modem life is devoid of peace and tranquility so man in his quest to seek solace escapes to a place where his aim is to seek the realization of his dreams and unfulfilled wishes of his subconscious mind.

Michelangelo, in full Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, (born March 6, 1475, Caprese, Republic of Florence [Italy]—died February 18, 1564, Rome, Papal States), Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, known best as simply Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. 

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is a prime example of a Renaissance man. He was a painter, sculptor, humanist, scientist, architect, philosopher, engineer, and more. He was considered a universal genius by many.

A tithe is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to government. Today, tithes are normally voluntary and paid in cash or cheques, whereas historically tithes were required and paid in kind, such as agricultural produce. Tithe was a religious tax levied on christians and muslims. The amount which was ordered to be donated was 10% or 1/10 of annual earnings of an individual or an institutions. With the end of influence of Church in political affairs the practice was abolished in the second half of the 17th century.

Due to socio-economic and political changes, Western Europe society was divided into three orders between the ninth and sixteenth centuries. After the fall of the Roman Empire, many groups of Germanic People occupied the regions of Italy, Spain and France.

The three orders are three social categories: Christian priests, landowning nobles and peasants.The term ‘feudalism’ has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed in Europe in the medieval era.

The Dome of the Rock was the first Muslim masterpiece built in 687 A.D., half a century after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. This monument is a major theme in Islamic art, whose fundamental purpose is to express the faith revealed in the Qur'an. The Dome was used as church until a Muslim army recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. In modern times the original purpose of the Dome of the Rock remains a source of debate. It is commonly held that the Dome commemorates the Miʿrāj, the Prophet Muhammad's ascension into heaven.

Islamic laws gave tax concessions to people who brought land under cultivation. Land under cultivation expanded which resulted in increased productivity. Many new crops were grown and even exported to Europe (examples: cotton, oranges, bananas, watermelons, spinach and brinjals). Between the years 661- 750 all Caliphs were from Umayyad dynasty. Following factors enabled Umayyads to coming into power. With the territorial expansion, the Umma unity was broken up. ... After his assassination Ali became the fourth Caliph.

Males married in their late twenties or early thirties; while women were married in the late teens or early twenties. There was an age gap between husband and wife. The Twelve Tables (aka Law of the Twelve Tables) was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE. They were the beginning of a new approach to laws where they would be passed by government and written down so that all citizens might be treated equally before them.

Ans: The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main ‘players’ in the political history of the empire.

Explanation:

To sum up, the emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main ‘players’ in the political history of the empire. The success of individual emperors depended on their control of the army, and when the armies were divided, the result usually was civil war*. Except for one notorious year (69 CE), when four emperors mounted the throne in quick succession, the first two centuries were on the whole free from civil war and in this sense relatively stable. Succession to the throne was based as far as possible on family descent, either natural or adoptive, and even the army was strongly wedded to this principle. For example, Tiberius (14-37 CE), the second in the long line of Roman emperors, was not the natural son of Augustus, the ruler who founded the Principate, but Augustus adopted him to ensure a smooth transition. External warfare

Question
When did ancient town begin to flourish in Mesopotamia?
A n s w e r;
The ancient town flourished in Mesopotamia dated back to bronze age, i.e. c. 3000 BCE.

The early urbanization developed in Mesopotamia. It did not happen in the agriculturally fertile north-east rather it happened in the south. We have read that a city develops as a result of interdependencies among people for various economic activities. This only happens when people cease to be self-sufficient in terms of economic activities. It was not possible in naturally fertile land where food production could be the only or main economic activity. Examples of many earliest cities give concrete proof for this. So, it is said that it was not natural fertility and high levels of food production which were the causes of early urbanization.

The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.  The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.  The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte. The electrolyte concentration affects the critical voltage and the critical current by the change in the electrical conductivity, resulting in a change in the interelectrode resistance R and by the change in wettability, which will affect the mean bubble height ξdn.

Lords owned the serfs who lived on their lands. In exchange for a place to live, serfs worked the land to grow crops for themselves and their lord. In addition, serfs were expected to work the farms for the lord and pay rent.

Serfs are just one class of commoner, or peasant, in the Middle Ages. The English classes detailed below are more or less like most commoners in other kingdoms. Each had different rights and obligations.

A serf is, legally, a slave and a possession of his lord who has no rights beyond his lord’s generosity. A serf had to work his life away doing the hard labor of providing for his lord. He plowed, reaped, threshed, chopped wood, herded animals, fixed implements, built structures, and anything else demanded. A serf had no rights or other obligations, and could not even go to court to get some respite if his lord was cruel and evil.

Organizations achieve goals through management:

Management helps with making sure that all the resources of the organization are properly used and that there is no wastage.

Management also enables the organization to achieve its set objectives

Management also enables achievement of personnel objectives

With proper, good and professional management the end result will be development and prosperity of the society

Dome of the Rock, Arabic Qubbat al-Ṣakhrah, shrine in Jerusalem built by the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān in the late 7th century ce. It is the oldest extant Islamic monument. The rock over which the shrine was built is sacred to both Muslims and Jews.

The bulletin board was the carrier of all the bad news fir the district of Alsace and Lorraine. That day also the bulletin board carried the information that german will be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. Franz wanted to have a look at the bulletin board but overcame this desire as he was getting late for school.

Often GDP (real GDP) is considered as an index of welfare of the people. Welfare means sense of material well-being among the people. This depends upon availability of goods and services per person for consumption. When GDP (or GNP) rises, it shows increase in flow of goods & services. Greater availability of goods and services implies higher standard of living which increases economic welfare. So one may conclude that higher level of GDP is an index of greater well-being of the people. But this may not be correct due to following limitations or reasons.

(i) Distribution of GDP. A mere rise in GDP (or GNP or National Income) may not lead to rise in economic welfare if its distribution results in concentration of income in the hands of very few individuals or firms. A mere increase in GDP does not mean that every individual automatically gets this much of increase. Distribution of GDP might have resulted in making the rich richer and the poor poorer leading to further increase in the gap between rich and poor.

(ii) Non-monetary exchanges or transactions. Many economic activities in the economy are not evaluated in monetary terms. Thus non-market transactions like services of housewife, exchanges through barter, enjoyment from hobbies like painting, gardening, etc. which increase economic welfare are not included in measuring GDP. Hence GDP may not reflect actual productive activities and wellbeing of the country.

(iii)    Externalities. These refer to the benefits or harms which a firm or an individual causes to other in the process of production but for which they are not paid or penalised. For example, negative externalities occur when smoke of a factory pollutes the air or its industrial wastes causes water pollution in the nearby river resulting in loss of social welfare. But nobody is penalised for it nor it is accounted in GDP. GDP does not take into account these externalities. Similarly, positive (beneficial) impact of beautiful garden remains outside of realm of GDP. To that extent GDP is not a correct index of welfare as GDP is then underestimated or overestimated.

For calculating GDP deflator, the following steps are necessary

1. Determine the nominal GDP
2. Determine the real GDP
3. Find the GDP Deflator

GDP deflator formula can be represented as

GDP deflator = Nominal GDP / Real GDP * 100

Like other price indices such as CPI, GDP deflector is not formed on a fixed basket of goods and services. The basket is altered every year depending on people’s investment and consumption patterns for that year.

The Battle of Camel was fought between Ali’s supporters and army led by Muhammad’s wife Aisha in 657.

(i) Profit earned by a foreign bank is included in domestic product of India because the banks branches are located in the Indian domestic territory.
(ii) Scholarships is a trasnfer payment because no service is provided in return.
So, it is not included in domestic income.