The rulers of Vijayanagara made many innovations in the architectural traditions. They added many new features in the temple architecture. These large structures were a show of their imperial authority. For example, they built gopurams and royal gateways. The towers of the central shrines signalled the presence of the temple from a great distance. But the royal gateways surpassed them in height. They reminded the power of the kings. They showed that the kings had full command over the resources, techniques and skills

The Prism Formula is as follows,

• The surface area of a prism = (2×BaseArea) +Lateral Surface Area
• The volume of a prism =Base Area× Height

Charley describes Galesburg as a quiet, simple and peaceful place with big old frame houses, huge lawns and tremendous trees. The summer evenings were rather long and people sat out on their lawns in a peaceful world, men smoking cigars and women waving palm-leaf fans.

That day Franz was expected to be prepared with participles because M. Hamel had said that he would question them on participles. 

(i) On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives.
(ii) The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
(iii) The third estate was represented by its more, prosperous and educated members. Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly.
(iv) Louis XVI wanted voting to be conducted on the old principle-each estate having one vote. But the members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the Assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote.
(v) The king rejected their demand as a result of which they walked out of the Assembly in protest.
(vi) The members of the third estate declared themselves a National Assembly and began to draft a constitution for France which would limit the powers of the monarch.
(vii) While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. They were facing acute food scarcity. Finally, the agitated common mass stormed and destroyed the Bastille, the symbol of the king's despotic and tyrannic rule on 14 July 1789.
(viii) The condition of the countryside was also not good. Peasants looted hoarded grains and burnt down documents. A large number of nobles fled from their houses.
(ix) Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would from now on be checked by a constitution.
(x) The feudal system of obligations and taxes was also abolished. Members of the clergy were forced to give up their privileges.

Opportunity cost is the cost in terms of foregone opportunities of doing things. There has been a reversal of supply-demand relationship for environmental quality. We are now faced with increased demand for environmental resources and services but their supply is limited due to overuse resulting from rise in population, affluent consumption patterns and industrialization. Many resources have become extinct and the wastes generated are beyond the absorptive capacity of the environment. This negative environmental Impact has high opportunity costs as explained below
(i) The industrial development in past has polluted and dried up rivers and other aquifers making water an economic good. Cleaning up of polluted rivers and replenishing water resources require huge investments.

(ii) The intensive and extensive extraction of both renewable and non-renewable resources are exhausted. Some of these vital resources and huge amount of funds need to be spent on technology and research to explore new resources.

(iii) The health costs of degraded environmental quality are also present as decline in air and water quality have resulted in increased incidence of respiratory and water-borne diseases.

(iv) Global environmental issues such as global warming and ozone depletion also contribute lo increased financial commitments for the government. Thus, it is clear that the opportunity costs of negative environmental impacts are high.

The objectives of implementing MGNREGA are as follows.
(i) Its main objective is to provide employment to the unemployed. It gives social protection to the most vulnerable people living in rural India by giving them employment opportunities.
(ii) According to MGNREGA, all those who are able to and are in need of work would be guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government. 
(iii) If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people. 
This act is known as the largest and most ambitious social security and public works programme in the world. MGNREGA Is a powerful instrument for ensuring inclusive growth in rural India.

Aunt Jennifer’s wedding band lies heavily on her hand. It reminds her of her unhappy married life. It is symbolic of male authority and power of her husband who had suppressed her and made her a nervous wreck. He had dominated over her for so long that she had lost her identity.

Aunt Jennifer’s wedding band lies heavily on her hand. It reminds her of her unhappy married life. It is symbolic of male authority and power of her husband who had suppressed her and made her a nervous wreck. He had dominated over her for so long that she had lost her identity.

The significance Salt March for Swaraj:

(i) On 12th March 1930- Gandhiji began the march from his ashram at Sabarmati towards the ocean where he reached after three weeks, making a fistful of salt and thereby breaking colonial salt law.

(ii) Parallel salt marches and protests were also conducted in other parts of the country. Peasants breached the hated colonial forest laws, factory workers went on strike, lawyers boycotted British courts  and students refused to attend goverment run educational institutions. Gandhi’s call had encouraged Indians of all classes to make manifest their own discontent with colonial rule.

(iii) During the March Gandhiji told the upper castes that if they want Swaraj they must serve untouchables. For Swaraj, Hindus , Muslims , Parsis and Sikhs have to unite

(iv) The progress of the salt March can also be traced from another source: the American news magazine, Time. Time magazine was deeply sceptical of the salt march reaching its destination. But within a week it had changed its mind and saluted Gandhi as a ‘saint ‘ and statesman. Time’s writing had made the British rulers “ desperately anxious”.

(v) Salt March was notable for at least three reasons. First, it was  this event that brought Gandhiji to world attention. The march was widely covered by the European and American Press.

(vi) Second, it was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, the socialist activist had persuaded Gandhiji not to restrict the protest to men alone . She herself was one of numerous women who courted arrest by breaking salt and Liquor Laws.

(vii) Third, and perhaps most significant, it was the Salt March which forced upon the British the realization that their Raj would not last forever , and they would have to devolve some power to the Indians.

(viii) To that end British Government convened a series of Round Table Conferences in London. First meeting was held in Nov 1930 without any pre-eminent political leader in India, thus rendering it an exercise in futility. When Gandhiji was released from jail in Jan 1931,many meetings were held with the Viceroy and it culminated in the ‘Gandhi Irwin Pact’ by which civil disobedience would be called off and all prisoners released and salt manufacture allowed along the coast. Gandhiji represented the congress at Second Round Table Conference at London. The conference in London was inconclusive, so Gandhi returned to India and resumed civil disobedience.