A linear VI curve has a constant slope and hence a constant resistance. Carbon resistors and metals obey Ohm's law and have constant resistance. This means that the V-I curve is a straight line passing through the origin. An electronic component may exhibit linear characteristics only in a particular region.

Answer:

Because current that flows through the wire is depended on the wire cross section area, the circular shape is the maximized area for a given amount of material; therefore, a cylindrical wire is much more efficient.
 

Management is the process of planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling the enterprise resources efficiently and effectively for achieving the goals of the organisation.

(i)Instruments Money market raises funds by wide variety of short-term securities such as call money, treasury bills, trade bills, commercial paper, certificate of deposit, etc.
(ii)Duration Money market provides funds for a period of less than one year.
(iii)Participant The participants in the money market are large institutional investors such as Reserve Bank of India (RBI), commercial banks, financial institutions, non-banking finance companies, State Government, large corporate houses, etc.
(iv)Investment outlay Investment in money market entails huge sums of money as the instruments are quite expensive.
(v)Liquidity Money market instruments enjoy a high degree of liquidity as there is a formal arrangement for it. The Discount Finance House of India (DFHI) has been established for the specific objective of providing a ready market for money market instruments.
(vi)Expected return The expected rate of return of the money market is generally low as money is invested for a short duration.

• The Harappans ate a wide range of plant and animal products, including fish and meat, wheat, maize, millets, pulses, rice and another eatables.
• Cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo and pig were domesticated by the Harappans for their sustenance.
• The evidence of wild species like boar, deer and gharial have also been traced from the remains of bones, but it is not sure whether the Harappans hunted these animals themselves or obtained meat from other hunting community.
• Archaeological evidences suggested that oxen were used for ploughing and two different crops were grown together. As most of the sites are located in semi-arid lands, it is evident that water from canals and wells was used for irrigation.

• Fungi and algae switch to the sexual mode of reproduction during adverse conditions to bring variations among the individual.
• Such variations help the individuals to adapt to the changed conditions and survive.
• This ensures the continuity of species and also helps in phenomena like speciation.

Or

Sexual reproduction enables organisms to survive during unfavourable conditions as it leads to variation and variation and variation leads to evolution. Evolution can only be done by the organisms which are able to survive the harsh conditions and the organisms that could not would die and won't reproduce further. The organisms that survived would reproduce, will leave their progeny and as the conditions will become more harsh the adaptive organism would survive and reproduce and this results in the evolution of the species. The reason that sexual reproduction is favoured under such conditions because, sexual reproduction leads to evolution and this evolution results in the continuation of the species.

A job Application consists of two parts- the covering letter (appeal) and the bio-data/CV.

• Cover letter

The format for the covering letter is similar to the format of a Formal letter. It goes on like-

SENDER’s ADDRESS- The sender’s address is usually put on the top left-hand corner.

DATE- The sender’s address is followed by the date just below it. This is the date on which the letter is being written. It is to be written in expanded form.

RECEIVER’s ADDRESS- Whether to write “To” above the address depends on the writer’s preference. Make sure you write the official title/name/position etc of the receiver, as the first line of the address.

SUBJECT- Then we sum up the purpose of writing the letter in one line. This helps the receiver focus on the subject of the letter in one glance. It is important to underline the subject.

SALUTATIONS- This is where you greet the person you are addressing the letter to. Bear in mind that it is a formal letter, so the greeting must be respectful and not too personal. The general greetings used in formal letters are “Sir” or “Madam”.

BODY- This is the main content of the letter. It is either divided into three paragraphs or two paragraphs if the letter is briefer. The tone of the content should be formal. Do not use any flowery language. Another point to keep in mind is that the letter should be concise and to the point. And always be respectful and considerate in your language.

1. PARAGRAPH 1- Begin the body of the letter by mentioning the source (from where you got to know about the job) of information about the job (e.g., newspaper) along with the day, date and advertisement number. Also mention the post you wish to apply for.
2. PARAGRAPH 2- Here, you are supposed to offer your candidature by briefing about your qualifications, achievements, previous experiences and your strengths. In other words, this paragraph should be an answer to the question: ‘How are you the perfect candidate for the job?’.

Keep in mind that it should be to the point and clear. You should not sound boastful.

• PARAGRAPH 3- In this part of the body, you are supposed to make a reference to the photograph (passport-sized), Bio-data or curriculum vitae and other detailed documents that you have enclosed. You can also appeal for a one-on-one interview.

End the body on a promising note, e.g., Looking forward to your positive response.
COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE- At the end of your letter, we write a complimentary closing. The words “Yours Faithfully” or “Yours Sincerely” are used.
SIGNATURE- Here finally you sign your name. And then write your name in block letters beneath the signature. This is how the recipient will know who is sending the letter.
(NOTE- Mention the name given in the question paper. Do not mention your personal details.)

• Bio-data

After signing, you are supposed to mention the heading “ENCLOSURES” which will include the name of the documents and testimonials attached along with the cover letter. They may include the following-

1. Photograph (Passport-sized)
2. Bio-data or CV
3. Copies of certificates
4. Any other

The Biodata or CV  is generally divided into four parts as follows-

1. Personal Details
2. Qualifications
3. Experience
4. References

It goes like-

BIO-DATA (HEADING)

NAME

FATHER’s NAME

DATE OF BIRTH – In expanded form

ADDRESS

AGE

CONTACT NO.

EMAIL ID

NATIONALITY-Indian

MARITAL STATUS

QUALIFICATIONS-

• Qualifications must be written in tabular form with the above mentioned heads.

WORK EXPERIENCE- It should be written from latest to the oldest along with the duration.

ACHIEVEMENTS

LANGUAGES KNOWN

SKILLS

WEAKNESSES

HOBBIES

REFERENCES

DECLARATION

DATE

PLACE

SIGNATURE

(a) The shape of the wavefront in case of a light diverging from a point source is spherical. The wavefront emanating from a point source is shown in the given figure.

(b) The shape of the wavefront in case of a light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus is a parallel grid. This is shown in the given figure.

(c) The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the Earth is a plane.

Plane Wavefront

• When the small part of a spherical or cylindrical wavefront originates from a distant source like infinity then the wavefront which is obtained is known as plane wavefront.
• For example: -Rays coming from infinity like Sun.

Archaeologists

Archaeologists have been able to reconstruct dietary practices of the Harappan society from finds of charred grains and seeds. Archaeo-botanists are specialists who study ancient plant remains. Grains found at Harappan sites include wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea and sesame, rice and millets.

In young's double slit experiment,
Angular separation is given by,
                      

Angular seperation does not depend on D i.e., the distance of separation between slits and screen. Therefore,  remains unaffected.

In young's double slit experiment,
Angular separation is given by,
                      

Angular seperation does not depend on D i.e., the distance of separation between slits and screen. Therefore,  remains unaffected.

A resident is said to be a person (or an institution) who ordinarily resides in a country and whose centre of economic interest lies in that country. He is called a normal resident since he normally lives in the country of his economic interest. The period of stay should be at least one year or more. Thus (1) staying for more than a year, and (2) having economic interest are the two normal conditions for becoming a normal resident. It needs to be kept in mind that national income is the sum total of income of only normal residents of a country in a year. Here following points needs to be noted.
(i)    Normal residents cover both individuals and institutions.
(ii)    Normal residents include both citizens and non-citizens i.e. foreigners who reside in a country for more than a year and have economic interest in that country.
(iii)    International bodies (like World Bank, World Health Organisation or International Monetary Fund) are not considered residents of the country in which these organisations operate but are treated as residents of international territory. However, the staff of these bodies are treated as normal residents of the country in which the international body operates. For example, international body like World Health Organisation located in India is not normal resident of India but Americans working in its office for more than a year will be treated as normal residents of India.
(iv)    Local employees working in foreign embassies located in their country are treated as normal residents. For example, Indians working in U.S.A. embassy located in India are residents of India.
(v)    Workers from across the border who cross border in the morning to work in the other country (like Indians who work in Nepal) and return in the evening are not residents of the country where they work.
For example normal residents of India include
(i)    citizens (and institutions) of India.
(ii)    citizens of other countries (i.e. non-citizens) who normally reside in India for more than a year and whose centre of economic interest lies in India.
(iii)    Citizens of India working in (a) international bodies (like I.M.F.), (b) foreign bodies (like banks, enterprises) operating in India and (c) foreign embassies located in India.

A resident is said to be a person (or institution) who ordinarily resides in a country and whose centre of economic interest lies in that country. He is called a normal resident since he normally lives in the country of his economic interest. The period of stay should be at least one year or more.

Which of the following is not an element of delegation?(a) Accountability(b) Authority(c) Responsibility(d) Informal organisation

Answer:Informal Organisation

Explanation: Informal Organisation is not an element of delegation.

Delegation means designating or transferring of authority to subordinates or another person. For example assigning of work by a manager to a subordinate to execute certain activities. It is the most important concept of management leadership.

The person who assigns the work is held accountable for the result of the delegated work. Delegation provides decisions making power to the subordinate . For example shifting of authority for making decision from one level to a lower one in the organisation.

Delegation  has three major elements such as authority, accountability and responsibility .

The term informal organisation means relationship which arises in an organisation because of informal communication among the employees . These are informal communication in nature. Unlike delegation it does not  involve any formal communication.

Rumors and prophesies played a part in moving people to action:

(i) They told that bullets coated with the fat of cows & pigs and that biting those bullets would corrupt their caste and religion. They were referring to the cartridges of the Enfield rifles which had just been given to them.

(ii) The rumours said, the British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour that was sold in the market. In towns and cantontments, sepoys and the common people refused to touch the atta.

(iii) There was fear and suspicion that the British wanted to convert Indians to Christianity.

(iv) The response to the call for action was reinforced by the prophecy that British rule would come to an end on the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, on 23 June 1857.

Sportsmanship can be defined as a fair and generous behaviour or treatment of others, especially in a sporting contest. In general, sportsmanship refers to virtues such as fairness, self-control, courage, persistence, maintaining self-control when dealing with others, and respect for both - the concerned authorities and the opponents. 

• Management is the process of getting a task done with the aim of achieving the goals of the organization in an effective and efficient manner. The term effective means completing the given task and efficient means completing the task with minimum cost and time.

• Ashita was effective because she completed her task within time but not efficient as they had to bear a high-cost of Rs 55000.

• Lakshmi was neither effective or efficient as she did not complete her task on time.

Liberalisation
Liberalisation of the economy means its freedom from direct or physical controls imposed by the government.

Economic Reforms Under Liberalisation
(i) Industrial Sector Reforms

• Abolition of industrial licensing.
• De-reservation of production areas.
• Expansion of production capacity.
• Freedom to import goods.

(ii) Financial Sector Reforms
Liberalisation implied a substantial shift in the role of the RBI from a regulator to a facilitator of the financial sector.
(iii) Fiscal Reforms Fiscal reforms relate to revenue and expenditure of the government. Tax reforms are the principal component of fiscal reforms. Broadly taxes are classified

• Direct Taxes and
• Indirect Taxes

(iv) External Sector Reforms It include Foreign exchange reforms and Foreign trade policy reforms.