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Developing countries can fuel economic expansion and boost productivity by investing in family planning and reproductive health services
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Seed Germination is the process of seeds developing into new plants. First, environmental conditions must trigger the seed to grow.
1. Hypogeal Germination: In this kind of germination, the cotyledons do not come out of the soil surface. In such seeds the epicotyl (i.e., part of embryonic axis between plumule and cotyledons) elongates pushing the plumule out of the soil.
2. Epigeal Germination: In seeds with epigeal germination, the cotyledons are brought above the soil due to elongation of the hypocotyl. In castor, cotton, papay, onion , flat green leaf like cotyledons can be seen in the young seedlings. Here the cotyledons, besides food storage, also perform photosynthesis till the seedling becomes independent. In some other plants like bean, the cotyledons being thick, do not become leaf-like; they shrival and fall off after their food reserves are consumed by the seedling.
3. Vivipary (Viviparous Germination): Vivipary is the phenomenon of giving birth to young ones in advanced stage of development. It occurs in mammals (among animals) and mangrove plants. In mangrove plants (e.g., Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Heritiera) the seeds cannot germinate on the ground because of the excessive salt content and lack of oxygen in marshy habitat. In such plants seed dormancy is absent.
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| Parameter | Angiosperms | Gymnosperms |
| Definition | These are seed-producing flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed within an ovary. | These are seed-producing non-flowering plants whose seeds are unenclosed. |
| Seeds | Their seeds are enclosed inside an ovary, usually in a fruit. | Their seeds are bare and not enclosed, which are found on scales, leaves, or as cones. |
| Life Cycle | The lifecycle of these plants is seasonal because these die during autumn/fall. | These plants are evergreen in nature. |
| Presence | These are present in flowers and can be unisexual or bisexual. | These are present as cones and are unisexual. |
| Reproduction | Reproduction is depending on the animals for spread. | Here, Reproduction is depending on wind for spread. |
| Tissue | These have triploid tissue. | These have haploid tissue. |
| Leaves | The shape of the leaves is flat. | Their leaves are scale-like and needle-like. |
| Wood | These have hardwood. | These have softwood. |
| Uses | Used for Medications, food, clothing, etc. | Used for Paper, Lumber, etc. |

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Ravindra Kumar 4 years, 7 months ago
2Thank You