Macronutrients provide energy to a living being for the function of the metabolic system. They provide massive energy has it is converted used to obtain energy. Macronutrients include fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

A single half-cell does not exist independently as reduction and oxidation occur simultaneously therefore single electrode potential cannot be measured.

During microsporogenesis, meiosis occurs in:
A. Endothecium

B. Microspore mother cells
C. Microspore tetrads
D. Pollen grains.

Answer

During Microsporogenesis, meiosis occurs in microspore mother cells.

As anther develops the cells of Sporongenous tissues undergo meiotic divisions to form microspore tetrads.

The microspore tetrad after dehydration is separated into pollen grains.

Endothecium is the lining of the cavity of an anther.

Therefore, the correct answer is option (b).

Semen (produced in males) is composed of sperms and seminal plasma. The major components of the seminal plasma in the male reproductive system are mucus, spermatozoa, and various secretions of accessory glands. The seminal plasma is rich in fructose, calcium, ascorbic acid, and certain enzymes. It provides nourishment and protection to sperms.

The magnetic intensity at any point due to a steady current in an infinitely long straight wire is directly proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from point to wire.

Devices which can control the flow of electrons are the main building blocks of electronic circuits.

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Oral glucose tolerance test

Cyclotron
 
Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies. It was devised by Lawrence.
 
Principle
 
Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal to a magnetic field experiences magnetic lorentz force due to which the particle moves in a circular path.
 
Construction


It consists of a hollow metal cylinder divided into two sections D1 and D2 called Dees, enclosed in an evacuated chamber (Fig 3.21). The Dees are kept separated and a source of ions is placed at the centre in the gap between the Dees. They are placed between the pole pieces of a strong electromagnet. The magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of the Dees. The Dees are connected to a high frequency oscillator.
 
Working:When a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted from the source, it is accelerated towards the Dee having a negative potential at that instant of time. Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences magnetic lorentz force and moves in a circular path. By the time the ion arrives at the gap between the Dees, the polarity of the Dees gets reversed. Hence the particle is once again accelerated and moves into the other Dee with a greater velocity along a circle of greater radius. Thus the particle moves in a spiral path of increasing radius and when it comes near the edge, it is taken out with the help of a deflector plate (D.P). The particle with high energy is now allowed to hit the target T.
  
When the particle moves along a circle of radius r with a velocity v, the magnetic Lorentz force provides the necessary centripetal force.
 
Bqv = (vm2 ) / r
 v /r = Bq / m = constant ...(1)
 The time taken to describe a semi-circle
t = π r / v               (2)
 Substituting equation (1) in (2),
 t = π m/ Bq                   .. (3)
 It is clear from equation (3) that the time taken by the ion to describe a semi-circle is independent of
 (i) the radius (r) of the path and (ii) the velocity (v) of the particle
Hence, period of rotation T = 2t 
 T = 2 π m / Bq = constant ...(4)
 So, in a uniform magnetic field, the ion traverses all the circles in exactly the same time. The frequency of rotation of the particle,
v = 1 /T = Bq / 2 πm       .. (5)
If the high frequency oscillator is adjusted to produce oscillations of frequency as given in equation (5), resonance occurs.
Cyclotron is used to accelerate protons, deutrons and α - particles.
  

 
Limitations 
a.     Maintaining a uniform magnetic field over a large area of the Dees is difficult.
 
b.     At high velocities, relativistic variation of mass of the particle upsets the resonance condition.
 
c.      At high frequencies, relativistic variation of mass of the electron is appreciable and hence electrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotron.

(i) Gross Domestic Product at Market Price : It is the money value of all the final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country during an accounting year.
GDP_MP = Net domestic product at FC (NDP_FC) + Depreciation + Net Indirect tax.

(ii) Gross Domestic Product at FC : It is the value of all final goods and services produced within domestic territory of a country which does not include net indirect tax.
GDP_FC = GDP_MP – Indirect tax + Subsidy
or GDP_FC = GDP_MP – NIT

(iii) Net Domestic Product at Market Price : It is the money value of all final goods and services produced within domestic territory of a country during an accounting year and does not include depreciation.
NDP_MP = GDP_MP – Depreciation

(iv) Net Domestic Product at FC : It is the value of all final goods and services which does not include depreciation charges and net indirect tax. Thus it is equal to the sum of all factor incomes (compensation of employees, rent, interest, profit and mixed income of self employed) generated in the domestic territory of the country.
NDP_FC = GDP_MP – Depreciation – Indirect tax + Subsidy

(v) Net National Product at FC (National Income) : It is the sum total of factor incomes (compensation of employees + rent + interest + profit) earned by normal residents of a country in an accounting year
or
NNP_FC = NDP_FC + Factor income earned by normal residents from abroad –
factor payments made to abroad.

(vi) Gross National Product at FC: It is the sum total of factor incomes earned by normal residents of a country along with depreciation, during an accounting year.
GNP_FC = NNP_FC + Depreciation OR

GNP_FC = GDP_FC + NFIA

(vii) Net National Product at MP : It is the sum total of factor incomes earned by the normal residents of a country during an accounting year including net indirect taxes.
NNP_MP = NNP_FC + Indirect tax – Subsidy

(viii) Gross National Product at MP : It is the sum total of factor incomes earned by normal residents of a country during an accounting year including depreciation and net indirect taxes.
GNP_MP = NNP_FC + Dep + NIT

(1) Achieving Group Goals: Management creates team work and coordination in the group. Managers give common direction to individual efforts in achieving the overall goals of the organization.

(2) Increases Efficiency: Management increases efficiency by using resources in the best possible manner to reduce cost and increase productivity.

(3) Creates Dynamic organization: Management helps the employees overcome their resistance to change and adapt as per changing situation to ensure its survival and growth.

(4) Achieving personal objectives: Management helps the individuals achieve their personal goals while working towards organizational objectives.

(5) Development of Society: Management helps in the development of society by producing good quality products, creating employment opportunities and adopting new technologies.

• Recursion is a concept in which a function calls itself. It is a form of repetition that does not involve iteration.
• A recursive function is a one which is called from within its own body. Every recursive function must have at least two cases: the recursive case or the inductive case and the base case or the stopping case.
• When a recursive function calls itself endlessly, an infinite recursion occurs in a program.
• A recursive function can be called in two ways directly or indirectly. In direct recursion, a function calls itself repeatedly.