The change in the ratio depends upon the original ratio ratio. Let us assume that external funds are Rs. 5,00,000 and internal funds are Rs. 10,00,000. Now we will analyse the effect of given transactions debt equity ratio.
(a) Assume that Rs. 1,00,000 worth of equity shares are issued. This will increase the internal funds to Rs. 11,00,000. The new ratio will be 0.45 : 1 (5,00,000)/11,00,000). Thus, it clear that further issue of equity shares decreases the debt-equity ratio.
(ii) Cash received from debtors will leave the internal and external funds unchanged as this will only affect the composition of current assets. Hence , the debt-equity ratio will remain unchanged.
This will also leave the ratio unchanged as sale of goods on cash basis neither affect Debt nor equity.
(iv) Assume that Rs. 1,00,000 debentures are redeemed. This will decrease the long-term debt to Rs. 4,00,000. The new ratio will be 0.4 : 1 (4,00,000/10,00,000). Redemption of debentures will decrease the debit-equity ratio.
(v) This will also leave the ratio unchanged as purchase of goods on credit neither affect Debt nor equity.

The equipotential surfaces, for an isolated point charge are concentric spheres whose centres are located at the given point charge.

tertiary

Procastination

Explanation:

The story ‘The Last Lesson’ highlights the human tendency that there is plenty of time to do things; hence, man keeps postponing the lessons of life, oblivious to the fact that life is subject to change. The people of Alsace always thought they had plenty of time to learn the lessons; therefore, they did not give much importance to school. They preferred their children to work on the farms and mills instead of having them learn the lessons. Even Franz, the narrator, always looked for opportunities to skip the school and collect birds’ eggs. However, the unexpected happens and an order is received from Berlin regarding compulsory teaching of German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. It is then that they realise that they would be deprived of what they had been evading all this while.

The last French lesson taught by M. Hamel symbolizes the loss of language and the loss of freedom for France. It becomes an emotional lesson rendered by M. Hamel to the villagers, signifying the changing order of life and its impact on the sensibilities and emotions of people. The marching soldiers under the windows represent the dawn of Prussia in France, defeat of the French people and the resultant threat to their language and culture.

The story is aptly titled as it evokes the consciousness in the reader not to put off things and do what one can do that day. M. Hamel’s bold ‘Long live France’ on the blackboard becomes substantial evidence of his sadness, patriotism and finality that is reflected in his motionless posture, his fixed gaze on things in the classroom and his eventual words- ‘School is dismissed – You may go’.

Dimensions of or the agents forming the business environment involve economic, social, legal, technological and political circumstances which are contemplated properly for decision-making and enhancing the achievement of the trading concern. There are five dimensions of the business environment that influence many firms. These dimensions include the economic environment, the social environment, the political environment, the legal environment, and the technological environment.

Transcription in prokaryotes:

• Initiation: In this step RNA polymerase enzyme along with initiation factor (sigma) binds with DNA sequence at promotor and starts transcription.
• Elongation: In this step RNA polymerase enzyme nucleoside triphosphate act as a substrates and polymerises the nucleotides of templates as a complementary strand.
• Termination: In this step terminator factor (rho) replaces the initiation factor at the termination point of DNA sequence.At this stage detachment of RNA and RNA polymerase enzyme with rho factor takes place.

In eukaryotes, transcription occrurs in nucleus whereas in prokaryotes it occurs in cytoplasm.
In eukaryotes RNA processing is required as its structural gene is monocistronic whereas in prokaryotes it does not require because its structural gene is polycistronic.

Flowering plants (also called Angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are the dominant land plants today. Together with the gymnosperms they make up the seed plants. They are different from the gymnosperms because angiosperms bear flowers, and have enclosed ovules. Gymnosperms bear naked seeds on cones or open structures. Examples - daisies, geraniums and tulips.

Seeding is the act of arranging players in a tournament bracket, usually to equalize both or all sides of the bracket in terms of skill, and so that the best players do not face each other until later rounds. Seeding is used so that players will usually receive placements proportionate to their skill levels.

1. Superpowers used their military power to bring countries into their respective alliances.
2. Soviet Union used its influence in Eastern Europe so that the eastern half of Europe remained within its sphere of influence.
3. In East and Southeast Asia and in West Asia, the US built an alliance called South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO).
4. The Soviet Union responded by having close relations with regional countries such as North Vietnam, North Korea and Iraq.

The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle is known as "the father of political science." His works "The Politics" and "Nicomachean Ethics" among many others evaluated political systems on a philosophical basis. He was the first to write about politics in empirical rather than moral terms.

Planning is needed both in the business and non-business organizations. Some people think that planning is based on the future anticipations and nothing can be said with certainty about future. Therefore, it is a useless process.

Following are the limitations of planning:

(1) Planning Creates Rigidity:

Although the quality of flexibility is inherent in planning, meaning thereby that in case of need changes can be brought in, but it must be admitted that only small changes are possible. Big changes are neither possible nor in the interest of the organisation.

(2) Planning Does Not Work in a Dynamic Environment:

Planning is based on the anticipation of future happenings. Since future is uncertain and dynamic, therefore, the future anticipations are not always true. Therefore, to consider planning as the basis of success is like a leap in the dark.

(3) Planning Reduces Creativity:

Under planning all the activities connected with the attainment of objectives of the organisation are pre-determined. Consequently, everybody works as they have been directed to do and as it has been made clear in the plans.

(4) Planning Involves Huge Costs:

Planning is a small work but its process is really big. Planning becomes meaningful only after traversing a long path. It takes a lot of time to cover this path.

(5) Planning is a Time-consuming Process:

Planning is a blessing in facing a definite situation but because of its long process it cannot face sudden emergencies. Sudden emergencies can be in the form of some unforeseen problem or some opportunity of profits and there has been no planning for all these situations beforehand and which now requires immediate decision.

(6) Planning Does Not Guarantee Success:

Sometimes the managers think that planning solves all their problems. Such thinking makes them neglect their real work and the adverse effect of such an attitude has to be faced by the organisation.