The menstrual cycle is a series of cyclic physiologic changes that take place inside the female reproductive tract in primates. The whole cycle takes around 28 days to complete. The end of the cycle is accompanied by the breakdown of uterine endothelium, which gets released in the form of blood and mucous through the ******. This is known as menses. The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone are the various hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. The level of FSH and LH secreted from the anterior pituitary gland increases during the follicular phase. FSH secreted under the influence of RH (releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates the conversion of a primary follicle into a graafian follicle. The level of LH increases gradually leading to the growth of follicle and secretion of estrogen. Estrogen inhibits the secretion of FSH and stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone. It also causes the thickening of the uterine endometrium. The increased level of LH causes the rupturing of the graafian follicle and release the ovum into the fallopian tube. The ruptured graafian follicle changes to corpus luteum and starts secreting progesterone hormone during the luteal phase. Progesterone hormone helps in the maintenance and preparation of endometrium for the implantation of the embryo. High levels of progesterone hormone in the blood decrease the secretion of LH and FSH, therefore inhibiting further ovulation.

Unicellular organisms are considered immortal mainly because,in them the parent body as a whole constitutes the reproductive unit and after reproduction continues to live as daughter cells .

Archaeologists reconstruct the past in the following manners:
(i) They excavate the ancient sites related with culture or civilisation. They find out remains from the site such as seal, material remains of houses, buildings, pots, ornaments, tools, coins, weights, measurements and toys etc.
(ii) Sometimes they find skull a, tones, teeth, jaws, and some articles kept with the bodies. Archaeologists take help of botanists, who are specialists in ancient plant remains. They also study the animal bones found at different sites with the help of zoologist.
(iii) Archaeologists try to identify the tools and implements used for cultivation and harvesting. They try to find out traces of means of irrigation such as wells, canals, tanks etc.
(iv) They used present day analogies to try and understand what ancient artefact were used for. Sometimes they compare the ancient findings with present day articles.
(v) Archaeologists observe the different layers of sites and try to find out different things which give pictures of socio-economic conditions, religions and cultural life of the past people in different times.

Archaeologists reconstruct the past by a study of the artefacts which they unearth such as seals, coins, remains of buildings, clay, pots or burnt grains. Archaeologist reconstruct the past in the following ways:

• Archaeologists excavate the ancient sites. They try to find about the life of the people by studying various unearthed artefacts such as remains of houses, pots, jewellery, coins, agricultural tools, weighs etc.
• Zooarchaeologists study the animal bones and try to find out if these animals were domesticated. For example, Animal bones found at Harappan sites include those of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo and pig. It show us that the Harappans were aware of these animal.
• Archaeologists try to find about the prevalence of agriculture by finding the remains of burnt grains. Some ways by which they try to find about the agricultural practices is by studying seals and terracotta sculptures. For example, representations on seals and terracotta sculpture indicate that the bull was known, and archaeologists extrapolate from this that oxen were used for ploughing.
• Archaeologists also try to find about social or economic differences amongst people in the past by studying burial sites. When graves contain pottery and ornaments, it indicate that people during that time believed in afterlife.
• Archaeologists try to look for raw material such as stone nodules, whole shells, copper ore; tools; unfinished objects; rejects and waste materials to identify the centres of craft production.
• Religious beliefs of the people can be reconstructed based on the study of seals and coins. In the Harappan Civilisation, some seals depicted rituals while some seals had plat motifs on them indicating nature worship.

चोल शासकों ने नयनार संतों के साथ संबंध बनाने पर बल दिया और उनका समर्थन हासिल करने का प्रयत्न किया। अपने
राजस्व के पद को दैवीय स्वरूप प्रदान करने और अपनी सत्ता के प्रदर्शन के लिए चोल शासकों ने सुंदर मंदिरों का निर्माण कराया और उनमें पत्थर और धातु से बनी मूर्तियाँ स्थापित करवाईं। इस प्रकार, लोकप्रिय संत-कवियों की परिकल्पना को, जो जन-भाषाओं में गीत रचते व गाते थे, मूर्त रूप प्रदान किया गया। चोल शासकों ने तमिल भाषा के शैव भजनों का गायन मंदिरों में प्रचलित किया।

परान्तक प्रथम ने संत कवि अप्पार, संबंदर और सुंदरार की धातु प्रतिमाएँ एक शिव मंदिर में स्थापित करवाईं। इन मूर्तियों को मात्र उत्सव के दौरान निकाला जाता था। सूफी संत सामान्यतः सत्ता से दूर रहने की कोशिश करते थे, किन्तु यदि कोई शासक बिना माँगे अनुदान या भेट देता था तो वे उसे स्वीकार करते थे। कई सुल्तानों ने ख़ानक़ाहों को करमुक्त भूमि इनाम में दे दी और दान संबंधी न्यास स्थापित किए। सूफी संत अनुदान में मिले धन और सामान का इस्तेमाल जरूरतमंदों के खाने, कपड़े एवं रहने की व्यवस्था तथा अनुष्ठानों के लिए करते थे। शासक वर्ग इन संतों की लोकप्रियता, धर्मनिष्ठा और विद्वत्ता के कारण उनका समर्थन हासिल करना चाहते थे।

जब तुर्की ने दिल्ली सल्तनत की स्थापना की तो उलेमा द्वारा शरिया लागू किए जाने की माँग को ठुकरा दिया गया था। सुल्तान जानते थे कि उनकी अधिकांश प्रजा गैर-इस्माली है। ऐसे समय में सुल्तानों ने सूफ़ी संतों का सहारा लिया जो अपनी आध्यात्मिक सत्ता को अल्लाह से उद्भुत मानते थे। यह भी माना जाता था कि सूफ़ी संत मध्यस्थ के रूप में ईश्वर से लोगों की ऐहिक और आध्यात्मिक दशा में सुधार लाने का कार्य करते हैं। शायद यही कारण है कि शासक अपनी कब्र सूफ़ी दरगाहों और ख़ानक़ाहों के नज़दीक बनाना चाहते थे।

• Vajrasana modifies the blood flow in the lower pelvic region. It increases the. efficiency of the digestive system.
• It helps to prevent acidity and ulcers by improving the digestion.
• It is a good meditative pose for those suffering from sciatica and severe lower back problems.
• Supta Vajrasana strengthens the muscles in back, neck and chest regions. It expands the chest and is good for lung problems.

Health runs are organised by health department, sports department or social organisations. Usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the raising of funds for charity. Health run is such a great physical activity that offers a significant health benefits’ Health run does not require any specific preparation. There is no competition in it but registration of participants is required in advance. The date and time is also fixed well in advance. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance course of running is also fixed up.

Specific sports programmes are for specific cause like awareness, unity health or any social cause.
i) Health run ii) Run for fun iii) Run for specific cause iv) Run for unity

Extramural means the activates organized by an institution/school and the participants of two or more schools/intuitions participate in the extramural competitions It is also called inter-school/intercollege/inter-university competitions.

otal no. of matches :- 

Total no teams -1       13-1=12 matches 

Total no of round = 2*2*2*2 

Digit 2 repeats four time so no of round = 4 rounds 

Total no bye :- next power of 2- total no. of team 16-13 =03 

No of team is upper half= Total no of team+1 / 2 = 13+1 / 2 = 07 team 

No. of teams in lower half = Total no of team+1/ 2 = 13-1/ 2 = 06 team

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Knockout tournaments or elimination tournament is tournament where a large of team compete when there is a short time, whereas in a league tournament it is most suitable when there are less number of teams and a long period of time.