Apparent flattening of the sun’s disc at sunrise and sunset is due to atmospheric refraction. The density and the refractive index of the atmosphere decreases with altitude, so the rays above and below the sun on the horizon are refracted by different degrees. This causes the apparent flattening of the sun. But the rays from the sides of the sun on a horizontal plane are generally refracted by the same amount, hence the sun still appears circular along its sides.

The rays of light from the bottom of the sun are refracting more than those from the top, flattening the sun's circular shape. “Flattened sun” can also refer to the Sun appearing in an oval shape close to the horizon during sunrise or sunset. The lower half of the sun appears darker in colour than the top half. At sunrise and sunset, the sun is near the horizon. The rays of light from the upper part and lower part of the periphery of the sun bend unequally on travelling through earth's atmosphere. That is why the sun appears oval or flattened at the time of sunrise and sunset.

The waste materials produced during the metabolic activities are toxic to the body and must not be accumulated inside and therefore it has to be excreted out from the body by the process of excretion.

(a) Certain basic values were accepted by all national leaders as a result of the Nehru Report and the Fundamental Rights Resolution passed by the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress.

(b) These included Universal Adult Franchise, Right to freedom and equality and protection of minority rights.

(c) As a result of the 1937 elections, the Congress and other political parties were able to form governments in the provinces. This experience with legislative and political institutions helped in developing an agreement over institutional design.

(d) The Indian Constitution thus adopted many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws like the Government of India Act of 1935.

Many colonial laws were also the sources of the Indian Constitution. Government of India Act, 1935 was a major one. This wray, the Indian Constitution adopted many institutional details and procedures from the colonial laws. The French Revolution also inspired the makers of the Constitution.

(a) Certain basic values were accepted by all national leaders as a result of the Nehru Report and the Fundamental Rights Resolution passed by the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress.

(b) These included Universal Adult Franchise, Right to freedom and equality and protection of minority rights.

(c) As a result of the 1937 elections, the Congress and other political parties were able to form governments in the provinces. This experience with legislative and political institutions helped in developing an agreement over institutional design.

(d) The Indian Constitution thus adopted many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws like the Government of India Act of 1935.

(e) The founding fathers were also inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution, the working of parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the USA. The 1917 Russian Revolution inspired our leaders to establish a government based on social and economic equality.

(f) While addressing the meeting of the Constituent Assembly on 13 December, 1946, Jawaharalal Nehru spoke about the ideals of the new Indian Constitution. He discussed everything in a broad historical perspective. He referred to the historic efforts made in the past to achieve the goals of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity and fundamental rights.

Yes, I can find the state in which I live. It is Delhi

The Ostwald’s Dilution Law is defined for a weak electrolyte as “ the degree of ionization is proportional to the square root of the molar concentration or directly proportional to square root of the volume of the solution which contains one mole of the electrolyte.”

Mathematically, we can write Ostwald’s Dilution Law as below:e

                                           α = √ k_a/C   = √ k_aV

                                     Or, α = √ k_b/C   = √ k_bV

Wilhelm Ostwald’s dilution law is a relationship proposed in 1888 between the dissociation constant Kd and the degree of dissociation α of a weak electrolyte. The law takes the form Where the square brackets denote concentration, and c₀ is the total concentration of electrolyte. Ostwald's dilution law describes the dissociation constant of the weak electrolyte with the degree of dissociation (α) and the concentration of the weak electrolyte.  α = degree of dissociation. Ostwald's dilution law states that only at infinite dilution the weak electrolyte undergoes complete ionization.

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend.

It a mathod of advancing loan by a commercial bank underwhich short term secured cash loan is provided by the bank to the borrower and the borrower can withdraw the amount in a single instalment or in a number of instalment according to his requirements.

Credit is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately, but promises either to repay or return those resources at a later date. Bank credit is the total amount of funds a person or business can borrow from a financial institution. Credit approval is determined by a borrower's credit rating, income, collateral, assets, and pre-existing debt.

Physical education makes the immunity of our body stronger and so makes body more beautiful. Helpful for Natural Development Man's body develops very naturally from the prenatal stage to the old age. When this natural development is accompanied with some physical exercises it improves the energy level of the body. Physical Education (PE) develops students' competence and confidence to take part in a range of physical activities that become a central part of their lives, both in and out of school. A high-quality PE curriculum enables all students to enjoy and succeed in many kinds of physical activity.

(i) Democracy is a rule of the majority means that rule by majority views.

(ii) Rule by majority does not mean rule by majority in terms of religion, race, linguistic groups, poors or rich.

(iii) It means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form majority.

• So, to say that democracy must be a rule of the poor will give rise to a further division of society on a different line and lead to conflict.

• Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time

(i)   Democracy is a rule of the majority means that rule by majority views.

(ii)  Rule by majority does not mean rule by majority in terms of religion, race, linguistic groups, poors or rich.

(iii) It means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different  persons and groups may and can form majority.

•  So, to say that democracy must be a rule of the poor will give rise to a further division of society on a different line and lead to conflict.

• Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. 

The word mansab is of Arabic origin meaning rank or position. The system determined the rank and status of a government official and military generals. Every civil and military officer was given a mansab, which determined their salaries & allowances. The term manasabadar means a person having a mansab. (which means a role) In the mansabdari system founded by Akbar, the mansabdars were military commanders, high civil and military officers, and provincial governors. Those mansabdars whose rank was one thousand or below were called Amir, while those above 1,000 were called Amir-al Kabir (Great Amir). Some great Amirs whose ranks were above 5,000 were also given the title of Amir-al Umara

Vegetative propagation is practiced for growing some types of plants because of the following advantages: It helps to introduce plants in new areas where seed germination fails to produce mature plants due to changes in environmental factors and the soil. It is a more rapid, easier, and cheaper method. 

Vegetative propagation methods include: • rooting of cuttings, • layering or marcotting, • grafting, • micropropagation. Propagation is the natural mechanism by which plants regenerate. Propagation by seeds is the main method by which plants reproduce in nature.

Reproduction through spores gives several advantages to an organism. ... Spores can remain dormant till favourable conditions become available. Spores help an organism to tide over the bad phase. Spores can be spread through water, air, or animals and thus is good for the spread of an organism to more places.

Reproduction through spores gives several advantages to an organism. Some of them are as follows:
a. Spores can remain dormant till favourable conditions become available.
b. Spores help an organism to tide over the bad phase.
c. Spores can be spread through water, air or animals and thus is good for the spread of an organism to more places.

Variation beneficial to the species
Even so, for factors beyond the control of the species, such locations will alter, and can even destroy the entire species. If any differences in all of these species were to be found in a few individuals, they would have a chance of surviving.

Variations can be beneficial or harmful according to the ecological niche of the organism.
A variation suitable for the particular niche is selected by nature in evolution. Thus variations are necessary for the survival of the species.
Variation is important for the evolution of the species.
Example
A population of heat resistant bacteria in the temperature of the water survives if the temperature of water increases by global warming but most other bacteria would die.

DNA determines the body design of an individual. The DNA that gets transferred from parents to offsprings makes them look similar. DNA copying is important for reproduction. Additional copies of DNA are made during replication which is necessary for the new cells formed after cell division. Moreover, some minor alterations during DNA replication are responsible for bringing variations in the long run.