The major issue which led to the formal split of the Congress Party in 1969 was the differences between Indira Gandhi and the ‘syndicate'. Its discussed below:

(i) She launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a Left orientation. She got the Congress working committee to adopt a Ten Point Programme in May 1967. This programme included social control of banks, nationalisation of General Insurance, ceiling on urban property and income, land reforms and other items. While (syndicate) leaders approved this left wing programme, they had serious reservations about the same.

(ii) The factional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi came in the open in the Presidential election in 1969. The official Congress candidate was N. Sanjeeva Reddy. Indira Gandhi, however, encouraged V.V. Giri, to file nomination as an independent candidate. The Congress President issued a whip but Indira Gandhi called for a ‘conscience vote’ leading to V.V. Giri victory.

(iii) In the meantime, Indira Gandhi also announced the nationalisation of fourteen leading private banks and the abolition of privy purses which led differences between Indira Gandhi and the Finance Minister Morarji Desai resulting in Desai leaving the government.

These events led to the split in the Congress in 1969 into two - Congress (Organisation) and Congress (Requisitionists).

A protected area reserved for the conservation of endangered species of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in their natural habitat. The Sunderbans in the West Bengal and Nanda Devi in Uttaranchal are the two examples.

Uses of Biosphere Reserve

• In a biosphere reserve, endangered species of animals and plants are protected.
• This important heritage (of plants and animals) is transmitted to the future generations in all its natural vigour and glory.
• The surrounding areas are reserved for research work for the betterment of flora and fauna.

The computer is an electronic device which takes input data from the user, then processes it and returns the required output data. Input and output data may contain numbers, words, pictures, videos or sounds. A computer can process data at a very high speed without making any mistake and has a huge storage capacity.

The five basic functions of a computer are as follows:

1. It receives input data from the user.
2. It processes the given data.
3. It produces an output.
4. It stores the result.
5. It controls all the above operations.

The young trees are personified in the poem. They seem to be running in the opposite direction when seen through the window of the moving car. The movement is juxtaposed with the expression on the mother’s face i.e. ashen like a corpse. The movement of the children and the trees is in stark contrast with the stillness associated with the mother.

1. By minimizing and reducing the use of fire and fire products.
2. Since industrial emissions are one of the major causes of air pollution, the pollutants can be controlled or treated at the source itself to reduce its effects. For example, if the reactions of a certain raw material yield a pollutant, then the raw materials can be substituted with other less polluting materials.
3. Fuel substitution is another way of controlling air pollution. In many parts of India, petrol and diesel are being replaced by CNG – Compressed Natural Gas fueled vehicles. These are mostly adopted by vehicles that aren’t fully operating with ideal emission engines.
4. Although there are many practices in India, which focus on repairing the quality of air, most of them are either forgotten or not being enforced properly. There are still a lot of vehicles on roads which haven’t been tested for vehicle emissions.
5. Another way of controlling air pollution caused by industries is to modify and maintain existing pieces of equipment so that the emission of pollutants is minimized.
6. Sometimes controlling pollutants at the source is not possible. In that case, we can have process control equipment to control the pollution.
7. A very effective way of controlling air pollution is by diluting the air pollutants.
8. The last and the best way of reducing the ill effects of air pollution is tree plantation. Plants and trees reduce a large number of pollutants in the air. Ideally, planting trees in areas of high pollution levels will be extremely effective.

Geometrical isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism having the same molecular formula and same structure but differ in the relative arrangement of atoms.

An example of geometric isomerism you will meet at an introductory level is but-2-ene. In one case, the CH₃ groups are on opposite sides of the double bond, and in the other case, they are on the same side. The two most common types of geometric isomers are those arising from a double bond and those arising from a ring structure. These type of geometric isomers are also called cis/trans isomers. When two identical groups occupy adjacent positions, the isomer is called cis and when arranged opposite to one another, the isomer is called trans. e.g[Pt(NH₃​)₂​Cl₂​]

1.The social dominance of the military, clergy and landowning aristocracy has led to the frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishment of military governments.

2. Pakistan’s conflict with India has made the pro-military groups more powerful.These groups have often siad that political parties and democracy in Pakistan are flawed and Pakistan security would be harmed by selfish- minded parties and chotic democracy.

3.The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged the military to continue its dominance. 

4. The United States and other western countries have also encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule for their own reasons such as fear of ‘global Islamic terrorism’ and apprehension of falling of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons into the hands of terrorist groups. Thus, they see military regime as protector of their interests in West Asia and South Asia.

Mighty dead' can be things of beauty as they do inspirational deeds in their lives which one reads and has heard. Their legends and tales keep enthusing the reader.

Maria Sharapova is a famous woman tennis player. She has won the women’ singles at Wimbledon is 2004 and became the world’s No. 1 woman tennis player in 2005. She is a Russian by birth. She got the professional training in United States of America. She loves singing, dancing, reading novels and is very hardworking and dedicated.

at the time of puberty, and usually is around two years earlier in females than man.

The secondary sexual characteristics in males are :

Hair growth on the face in the form of beard and moustache

The growth of his testicles

Heavier musculature

Adam's apple development

Larynx becomes larger results in a deeper voice

Some of the changes appear in females are:

Development of breast

Lighter musculature

Shrill and a higher pitch voice

Broadening of hips due to fat deposition

Some organisms are covered by hard shells to protect themselves. For example, garden snail, tortoise, etc. have a hard shell which they use to hide under dangerous conditions. 

∙ Starfish and porcupines have spines on their surface which they can use against their enemies.

Cigarette smoking is one of the major killers in the world. The biggest side affect from smoking is cancer. Cancer is a group of many related diseases. All forms of cancer involve out-of-control growth and spread of abnormal cells.

The risk of dying from lung cancer is 22 times higher for males, and 12 times higher for female smokers as oppose to non -smokers. Additionally, smokers are at an increased risk for cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, oesophagus, bladder, kidney and pancreas. Smoking causes a five time increase in the risk of dying from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and two times increase in deaths from diseases of the heart and coronary arteries. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 40-50% in men and 60% in women. Researchers have also proven that mothers who smoke while pregnancy or before they got pregnant usually give birth to babies with birth defects, who are premature or are underweight. This is probably because of a decrease in blood flow to the placenta.

Cloth for 1 trouser = 1m 30 cm = 130cm

Total cloth = 12m = 1200cm

No. of trouser

= total cloth/ cloth required for 1 trouser

= 1200/130

= 9.23

Therefore,

9 trousers can completely be made out of 12 m cloth

Ans: 9 

Total length of cloth available =25m
=25 × 100cm = 2500cm
the length of cloth required to stitch a trouser =1m30cm
=100 + 30cm = 130cm
Total trouser can be stitch = 2500​/130
Dividing 2500 by 130, we get quotient =19 and remainder =30
∴ The number of trousers that can be stitched =19
and the length of the remaining cloth  = 30cm

स्थायी भाव का मतलब है प्रधान भाव। प्रधान भाव वही हो सकता है जो रस की अवस्था तक पहुँचता है। साहित्य में वे मूल तत्व जो मूलतः मनुष्यों के मन में प्रायः सदा निहित रहते और कुछ विशिष्ट अवसरों पर अथवा कुछ विशिष्ट कारणों से स्पष्ट रूप से प्रकट होते हैं। काव्य या नाटक में एक स्थायी भाव शुरू से आख़िरी तक होता है। स्थायी भावों की संख्या 9 मानी गई है।