National Party

A registered party is recognized as a National Party if it fulfils one of these conditions:

1. It wins 2% of the seats in Lok Sabha from at least 3 States.

2. The party polls 6% of the votes in 4 States and wins 4 Lok Sabha seats in a General Election.

3. The party gets recognition as a State Party in 4 or more States.

State Party

A registered party is recognized as a State Party if it fulfils any one of the following conditions:

1. It wins minimum 3% of the total number of seats or a minimum of 3 seats in the Legislative Assembly.

2. The party wins at least 1 seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allocated to that State.

3. It secures at least 6% of the total valid votes polled in a General Election to a Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly and wins at least 1 Lok Sabha and 2 Legislative Assembly seats in that election.

Contribution to the Atomic theory Timeline

• More than 2400 years ago, he named the smallest piece of matter “ATOMOS,” meaning “not to be cut.”
• Atoms were small, hard particles that were all made of the same material but were different shapes and sizes.
• Atoms were infinite in number, always moving and capable of joining together

1. Dalton’s Atomic theory:

• First recorded evidence that atoms exists.
• Using his theory, Dalton rationalized the various laws of chemical combination

Click on the given link for notes:

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiOs9HY4_DtAhXbR30KHV_KBoEQFjAAegQIBBAC" href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/structure-atoms-class-9-notes-science/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://mycbseguide.com/blog/structure-atoms-class-9-notes-science/&ved=2ahUKEwiOs9HY4_DtAhXbR30KHV_KBoEQFjAAegQIBBAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Structure of the Atoms class 9 Notes Science | myCBSEguide ...</a>

Steps of Construction:
1.Draw a line segment PQ = 11 cm.( = AB + BC + CA).
2.At P construct an angle of 60° and at Q, an angle of 45°.
3.Bisect these angles. Let the bisectors of these angles intersect at a point A.
4.Draw perpendicular bisectors DE of AP to intersect PQ at B and FG of AQ to intersect PQ at C.
5.Join AB and AC (see Fig. 11.9). Then, ABC is the required triangle.

A natural number is a number that occurs commonly and obviously in nature. As such, it is a whole, non-negative number. The set of natural numbers, denoted N, can be defined in either of two ways:

N = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

N = (1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

• The sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called the cardiac cycle and it consists of systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles.
• Duration of a cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds.
• During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood which is called the stroke volume.
• The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate gives the cardiac output.
• Cardiac output can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute and averages 5000 mL or 5 litres in a healthy individual.
• As the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open, blood from the pulmonary veins and vena cava flows into the left and the right ventricle respectively through the left and right atria and the semilunar valves are closed at this stage.
• The SAN now generates an action potential which stimulates both the atria to undergo a simultaneous contraction – the atrial systole.
• The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the AVN and AV bundle from where the bundle of HIS transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature, which causes the ventricular muscles to contract, (ventricular systole), the atria undergoes relaxation (diastole), coinciding with the ventricular systole.
• Ventricular systole increases the ventricular pressure causing the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
• As the ventricular pressure increases further, the semilunar valves guarding the pulmonary artery (right side) and the aorta (left side) are forced open, allowing the blood in the ventricles to flow through these vessels into the circulatory pathways.
• The ventricles now relax (ventricular diastole) and the ventricular pressure falls causing the closure of semilunar valves which prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles.
• As the ventricular pressure declines further, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are pushed open by the pressure in the atria exerted by the blood which was being emptied into them by the veins and the blood now once again moves freely to the ventricles, leading the ventricles and atria again in a relaxed (joint diastole) state.
• Again, the SAN generates a new action potential and the events are repeated.
• During each cardiac cycle two prominent sounds are produced which can be easily heard through a stethoscope.
• The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, whereas the second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves.

4 Disorders Of The Circulatory System are as listed below:

• Coronary artery disease (CAD) – also referred to as atherosclerosis, it affects the vessels supplying blood to the heart muscles.
• Heart failure – in this state of the heart, blood is not being pumped effectively to fulfil the needs of the body. One of the main symptoms of this disease is the lung-congestion hence it is also referred to as congestive heart failure
• Angina – it is a symptom of acute chest pain surfaces when there is a dearth of oxygen supply to the muscles of the heart.
• High blood pressure (hypertension) – is a condition where the blood pressure is higher than the normal blood pressure (120/80).

A n s w e r
volume of godown = 60×40×30 = 72000 m³
volume of a box = 0.8 m³
so,
number of boxes = 72000/0.8 = 720000/8 = 90000 boxes

Most important reason for reserving the dalits and adivasis is that dalits and adivasis in our society always treated as untouchable. Also, if there is no reservation then the children of adivasis will not be able to study as they cannot pass the entrance exam of any school.

Heart beat is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart. Each heart beat includes one systole (contraction phase) and one diastole (relaxation phase) of the heart to distribute and receive blood to and from the body. The heart of a healthy person beats 72 times per minute. Origin of heart beat. The mammalian heart is myogenic (myo = muscle, genic = originating from). It means the heart beat originates from a muscle, (however, it is regulated by the nerves). The heart beat originates from the sinoatrial node (SANode)—pace maker, which lies in the wall of the right atrium, near the opening of the superior vena cava. The SA node is a mass of neuromuscular tissue.

Conduction of heart beat. Another mass of neuromuscular tissue, the atrio-venticular node (AV node) is situated in the wall of the right atrium. The AV node picks up the wave of contraction propagated by SAnode. Amass of specialized fibres, the bundle of His, originates from the AV node. The bundle of His divides into two branches, one going to each ventricle. Within the myocardium of the ventricles the branches of bundle of His divide into a net work of fine fibres called the Purkinje fibres. The bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres convey impulse of contraction from the AV node of the myocardium of the ventricles.

1. The arteries receive oxygenated blood from the heart and supply it throughout the body. Whereas, the veins carry the deoxygenated blood from all the body parts to the heart for oxygenation.
2. The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.
3. The right ventricle pumps the blood received from the right atrium to the lungs.
4. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
5. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood throughout the body.

Structure of Human Heart

• The heart is a muscular organ covered by a double membrane called pericardium.
• The pericardial fluid of the pericardium lubricates the heart.
• The heart is divided into four chambers — two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
• The inter-atrial septum separates the two atria and the inter-ventricular septum separates the two ventricles.
• The atrium and the ventricle of each side are separated by the atrioventricular septum.
• Superior and inferior vena cavae open into the right atrium.
• The right ventricle opens into the pulmonary artery.
• Four pulmonary veins open into the left atrium.
• The left ventricle opens into the aorta.
• The opening between the right atrium and right ventricle is guarded by the tricuspid valve.
• The opening between the left atrium and left ventricle is guarded by the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
• The opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and the opening of the left ventricle into the aorta is guarded by the semilunar valves.

• Blood coagulation or clotting is the mechanism to prevent excessive loss of blood from the body.
• Reddish brown scum formed at the site of a cut is due to clot formed mainly of a network of threads called fibrins in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped.
• Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive fibrinogens in the plasma by the enzyme thrombin.
• Thrombins are formed from another inactive substance present in the plasma called prothrombin by an enzyme complex known as thrombokinase.
• Calcium ions play a very important role in clotting.

• Two blood groupings are done
• ABO and
• Rh

ABO grouping

• ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigen on the RBCs namely A and B.
• The plasma of different individuals contains two natural antibodies.
• The distribution of antigens and antibodies in the four groups of blood, A, B, AB and O.
• The blood of a donor has to be carefully matched with the blood of a recipient before any blood transfusion to avoid severe problems of clumping, which leads to destruction of RBC.
• Group ‘O’ blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence ‘O’ group individuals are called ‘universal donors’.
• Persons with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood, and such persons are called ‘universal recipients’.

Rh grouping

• The Rh antigen similar to one present in Rhesus monkeys is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority of humans, hence the antigen is known as Rh antigen.
• The individuals having Rh antigen are called Rh positive (Rh+ve) and those in whom this antigen is absent are called Rh negative (Rh-ve).
• An Rh-ve person, if exposed to Rh+ve blood, will form specific antibodies against the Rh antigens, and hence Rh group should also be matched before transfusions.
• A special case of Rh incompatibility has been observed between the Rh-ve blood of a pregnant mother with Rh+ve blood of the foetus , which leads to a disease known as erythroblastosis foetalis.
• Rh antigens of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh-ve blood of the mother in the first pregnancy as the two bloods are well separated by the placenta, during the delivery of the first child, maternal blood may get exposed to small amounts of the Rh+ve blood from the foetus and the mother starts preparing antibodies against Rh in her blood.
• In case of subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh-ve) can leak into the blood of the foetus (Rh+ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs, which cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby leading to a condition known erythroblastosis foetalis.
• Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child.

• Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.

There are many cellular structures in the composition of blood. When a sample of blood is spun in a centrifuge machine, they separate into the following constituents: Plasma, buffy coat and erythrocytes.

Plasma

The liquid state of blood can be contributed to plasma as it makes up  ~55% of blood. It is pale yellow in colour and when separated, it consists of salts, nutrients, water and enzymes. Blood plasma also contains important proteins and other components necessary for overall health. Hence, blood plasma transfusions are given to patients with liver failure and life-threatening injuries.

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Red blood cells consist of Haemoglobin, a protein. They are produced by the bone marrow to primarily carry oxygen to the body and carbon dioxide away from it.

White Blood Cells (WBC)

White blood cells are responsible for fighting foreign pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi) that enter our body. They circulate throughout our body and originate from the bone marrow.

Platelets

Tiny disc-shaped cells that help regulate blood flow when any part of the body is damaged, thereby aiding in fast recovery through clotting of blood.

WHO – World Health Organization

1. The two functions of the WHO (World Health Organization) are as follows:

   • To collect and supply information about the occurrence of epidemic diseases Example – Cholera, typhoid etc.
   • To promote and support projects for research on diseases.