National Rail Museum and Railway Women Welfare Central Organisation are organising an exhibition on Nehru and Railways and an on-the-spot Drawing and Painting Competition for Bal Diwas as the Indian Railways completes 150 years of glorious service. Draft a display advertisement for publication in a newspaper.
Answer:

The jazz player keeps his head down because he has no enthusiasm in his life as he feels his poor and pathetic condition.

Jazz player was very old and he had no interest in life. He was alone and had pain in his heart. So he kept his head down.

Given,
Side a=18cm
Side b=10cm
Perimeter=42cm=a+b+c
:. Putting value
42=18+10+c
42=28+c
42-28=c
14=c
Now,
S=(a+b+c)/2
:. Putting value
S=42/2
S=21
Now according to Heron's formula-
Area of a triangle
=√{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}
:. Putting value
=√{21(21-18)(21-10)(21-14)}
=√{21(3)(11)(7)}
=√4851
=21√11cm²

 केशव ने श्यामा से चिथडे, टोकरी और दाना-पानी मँगाकर कार्निस पर क्यों रखे थे?

उत्तर : केशव ने श्यामा से चिथड़े, टोकरी और दाना-पानी मँगाकर कार्निस पर पर इसलिए रखे थे जिससे कि वे चिड़िया को तथा अंडों को और जयादा आराम से रख सकें दोनों की हिफाजत कर सकें।

कारक का अर्थ होता है किसी कार्य को करने वाला। यानी जो भी क्रिया को करने में भूमिका निभाता है, वह कारक कहलाता है।

कारक के उदाहरण :

• वह रोज़ सुबह गंगा किनारे जाता है।
• वह पहाड़ों के बीच में है।
• नरेश खाना खाता है।
• सूरज किताब पढता है।

कारक के भेद :

कारक के मुख्यतः आठ भेद होते हैं :

1. कर्ता कारक
2. कर्म कारक
3. करण कारक
4. सम्प्रदान कारक
5. अपादान कारक
6. संबंध कारक
7. अधिकरण कारक
8. संबोधन कारक

A computer is an electronic device which takes input data from the user, then processes it and returns the required output data. Input and output data may contain numbers, words, pictures, videos or sounds. A computer can process data at a very high speed without making any mistake and has a huge storage capacity.

The five basic functions of a computer are as follows:

1. It receives input data from the user.
2. It processes the given data.
3. It produces an output.
4. It stores the result.
5. It controls all the above operations.

The Indian state does not recognise and promote a particular religion

The Constitution of India stands for a secular state. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief, faith and worship. Hence, the Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism, i.e., giving equal respect to all religions or protecting all religions equally. But Article 28 says that no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution maintained by the State.

Answer:
Traditional large scale industrial regions are based on heavy industry, often located near coal-fields and engaged in metal smelting, heavy engineering, chemical manufacture or textile production. These industries are now known as smokestack industries. Traditional industrial regions can be recognized by:

• High proportion of employment in manufacturing industry. High-density housing, often of inferior type, and poor services. Unattractive environment, for example, pollution, waste heaps, and so on.
• Problems of unemployment, emigration and derelict land areas caused by closure of factories because of a worldwide fall in demand.

High technology is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts leading to the manufacturing products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.
Characteristics of the High-tech Industry are:

1. Professional (white collar) workers make-up a large share of the total workforce and greatly outnumber the actual production (blue collar) workers.
2. These industries are neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office plant lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures.

Functions of the Epithelium

Epithelia tissue forms boundaries between different environments, and nearly all substances must pass through the epithelium. In its role as an interface tissue, epithelium accomplishes many functions, including:

1. Protection for the underlying tissues from radiation, desiccation, toxins, and physical trauma.
2. Absorption of substances in the digestive tract lining with distinct modifications.
3. Regulation and excretion of chemicals between the underlying tissues and the body cavity.
4. The secretion of hormones into the blood vascular system. The secretion of sweat, mucus, enzymes, and other products that are delivered by ducts come from the glandular epithelium.
5. The detection of sensation.

Types of Epithelial cells:

Simple Epithelia

Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells. They are typically where absorption, secretion  and filtration occur. The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes.

Simple epithelial tissues are generally classified by the shape of their cells. The four major classes of simple epithelium are: 1) simple squamous; 2) simple cuboidal; 3) simple columnar; and 4) pseudostratified.

Simple Squamous

Simple squamous epithelium cells are flat in shape and arranged in a single layer. This single layer is thin enough to form a membrane that compounds can move through via passive diffusion. This epithelial type is found in the walls of capillaries, linings of the pericardium, and the linings of the alveoli of the lungs.

Simple Cuboidal

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer cells that are as tall as they are wide. The important functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium are secretion and absorption. This epithelial type is found in the small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands.

Simple Columnar

Simple columnar epithelium is a single row of tall, closely packed cells, aligned in a row. These cells are found in areas with high secretory function (such as the wall of the stomach), or absorptive areas (as in small intestine ). They possess cellular extensions (e.g., microvilli in the small intestine, or the cilia found almost exclusively in the female reproductive tract).

Pseudostratified

These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.

Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia. In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.

Stratified Epithelium

Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium by being multilayered. It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insults.

Stratified epithelia are more durable and protection is one their major functions. Since stratified epithelium consists of two or more layers, the basal cells divide and push towards the apex, and in the process flatten the apical cells.

Epithelial cells are numerous, exist in close apposition to each other, and form specialized junctions to create a barrier between connective tissues and free surfaces. Free surfaces of the body include the outer surface of internal organs, lining of body cavities, exterior surface of the body, tubes and ducts.They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

Types of Epithelial cells:

Simple Epithelia

Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells. They are typically where absorption, secretion  and filtration occur. The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes.

Simple epithelial tissues are generally classified by the shape of their cells. The four major classes of simple epithelium are: 1) simple squamous; 2) simple cuboidal; 3) simple columnar; and 4) pseudostratified.

Simple Squamous

Simple squamous epithelium cells are flat in shape and arranged in a single layer. This single layer is thin enough to form a membrane that compounds can move through via passive diffusion. This epithelial type is found in the walls of capillaries, linings of the pericardium, and the linings of the alveoli of the lungs.

Simple Cuboidal

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer cells that are as tall as they are wide. The important functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium are secretion and absorption. This epithelial type is found in the small collecting ducts of the kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands.

Simple Columnar

Simple columnar epithelium is a single row of tall, closely packed cells, aligned in a row. These cells are found in areas with high secretory function (such as the wall of the stomach), or absorptive areas (as in small intestine ). They possess cellular extensions (e.g., microvilli in the small intestine, or the cilia found almost exclusively in the female reproductive tract).

Pseudostratified

These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.

Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia. In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.

Stratified Epithelium

Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium by being multilayered. It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insults.

Stratified epithelia are more durable and protection is one their major functions. Since stratified epithelium consists of two or more layers, the basal cells divide and push towards the apex, and in the process flatten the apical cells.

Rag picking is the means of survival for the ragpickers. According to the author, it is their "daily bread, a roof over their heads, even if it is a leaking roof". Thus, it is equivalent to gold for them. Besides, for the children it is "wrapped in wonder" for they, at times, chance upon "a rupee, even a ten-rupee note".

For adults rag picking was only a means of survival but for children, a lot of excitement was associated with the same for they often found unexpected things as a ten rupee note in the same. There was always a hope of coming across unexpected surprises and so garbage was wrapped in wonder for them.

A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. This is sometimes also called as a referencing key.

A Foreign Key is a column or a combination of columns whose values match a Primary Key in a different table.

The relationship between 2 tables matches the Primary Key in one of the tables with a Foreign Key in the second table.

If a table has a primary key defined on any field(s), then you cannot have two records having the same value of that field(s).

Russia                  - 1917
France                 - 1944

Other Countries:

India                     - 1950
Spain                    - 1933
South Africa         - 1994
Japan                   - 1946
New Zealand        - 1893
Russia                  - 1917
US                        - 1965
Greece                 - 1952
Germany              - 1918
Netherlands         - 1919
Sri Lanka             - 1931
Britain                  - 1928    
France                 - 1944
Turkey                 - 1934
Australia              - 1962
Argentina            -  1951
Malaysia             -  1955
 

There are many facilities which need to be provided for everyone. These are known as public facilities, for e.g. schools, healthcare, colleges, electricity, sanitation, public transport, safe drinking water, etc.

major facilities are as follows:- 

(i) Basic education Government provides school and other educational facilities like chair, books etc. to be used by the public. But its use and performance are depended on collective response and community cooperation.

(ii) Basic health facilities Government provides hospitals, vaccine programmes to maintain the basic quality of life.

(iii)Law and order facility/security the more the country will secure, the more it will attract investment public by which people can live peacefully.

(iv) Provide for Public Distribution System: Government opens PDS shops or ration shops through which it supplies basic food items like rice, wheat, pulses, etc. at very low price/subsidised rate to the lower income group or poor people. But the functioning of these facilities depends on the community awareness and public cooperation. Other facilities are infrastructure facilities like road, irrigation projects drinking water supplies.

(v) Healthcare: The government provides us with hospitals and dispensaries. They also maintained facilities like doctors and diagnostic machines. 

(vi) Banking facilities: To make our money safe and to get loans, banks are there.

(vii) Roads and highways: To go anywhere easily, roads and highways are there

Net Indirect Tax is the difference between the Indirect tax and subsidy. To find out Market Prices (MP), indirect taxes are added and subsidies are subtracted from Factor Cost (FC) as explained above. Symbolically: Market Price = Factor Cost + Indirect taxes – Subsidies. = Factor Cost + Net indirect taxes. The imposition of an indirect tax on a commodity such as a sales tax or excise duty causes the supply curve for that commodity to shift to the left because when a tax is imposed the cost of supplying the commodity to the market increases. At each price a smaller quantity is supplied.

calar Triple Product

If a, b, c are three vectors, then (a * b) * c is called scalar triple product and is denoted by [a b c].

∴ [a b c] = (a * b) * c

Geometrical Interpretation of Scalar Triple Product

The scalar triple product (a * b) * c represents the volume of a parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are represented by a, b and c which form a right handed system of vectors.

Expression of the scalar triple product (a * b) * c in terms of components

a = a₁i + a₁j + a₁k, b = a₂i + a₂j + a₂k, c = a₃i + a₃j + a₃k is

Properties of Scalar Triple Products

1. The scalar triple product is independent of the positions of dot and cross i.e., (a * b) * c = a * (b * c).

2. The scalar triple product of three vectors is unaltered so long as the cyclic order of the vectors remains unchanged.

i.e., (a * b) * c = (b * c) * a= (c * a) * b
or
[a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b].

3. The scalar triple product changes in sign but not in magnitude, when the cyclic order is changed.

i.e., [a b c] = – [a c b] etc.

4. The scalar triple product vanishes, if any two of its vectors are equal.

i.e., [a a b] = 0, [a b a] = 0 and [b a a] = 0.

5. The scalar triple product vanishes, if any two of its vectors are parallel or collinear.

6. For any scalar x, [x a b c] = x [a b c]. Also, [x a yb zc] = xyz [a b c].

7. For any vectors a, b, c, d, [a + b c d] = [a c d] + [b c d]

8. [i j k] = 1

11. Three non-zero vectors a, b and c are coplanar, if and only if [a b c] = 0.

12. Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d respectively are coplanar, if and only if [AB AC AD] = 0.

i.e., if and only if [b — a c— a d— a] = 0.

13. Volume of parallelepiped with three coterminous edges a, b,c is | [a b c] |.

14. Volume of prism on a triangular base with three coterminous edges a, b,c is 1 / 2 | [a b c] |.

15. Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges a, b,c is 1 / 6 | [a b c] |.

16. If a, b, c and d are position vectors of vertices of a tetrahedron, then

Volume = 1 / 6 [b — a c — a d — a].