A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation. Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the preposition to. There are ten types of modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to. Can (or cannot/can't) shows ability, in the sense of knowing how or being able to do something. In informal situations, it expresses permission, in the sense of being allowed to do something. There are ten common modal auxiliary verbs and they are 'can', 'could', 'will', 'would', 'shall', 'should', 'may', 'might', 'must' and 'ought'.

Seismic waves from large earthquakes pass throughout the Earth. These waves contain vital information about the internal structure of the Earth. As seismic waves pass through the Earth, they are refracted, or bent, like rays of light bend when they pass through a glass prism. All the three, P, S and L waves follow curved paths in the interior of the earth which proves that density increases inside the earth. P and S waves are recorded along the surface upto a distance of 11000 km from the focus of the earthquake. Their velocity also increases with the increase in the depth upto 2900 km.

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiC1YfJ0LPsAhXFWisKHfqjCdMQ9QF6BAgMEAM" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=What+is+colonialism.+and.+Who+started+it&rlz=1C1CHBD_enIN888IN888&sxsrf=ALeKk01D8NgULdsZtvKXbIz4cIIbsTbgHQ:1602662904759&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=O6tMad1hqbUCFM%252CgZ_0ho10Ye-YgM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQfUy3PUEkbGkaeV9QIZJPAy1QITA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC1YfJ0LPsAhXFWisKHfqjCdMQ9QF6BAgMEAM#imgrc=O6tMad1hqbUCFM"></a>

European colonialism began in the fifteenth century when the Spanish and Portuguese began exploring the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, England, France and Holland made their own overseas empires. Modern colonialism started with the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator, initiating the Age of Exploration. Spain (initially the Crown of Castile) and soon later Portugal encountered the Americas through sea travel and built trading posts or conquered large extensions of land. Colonization, or colonisation refers to large-scale population movements where the migrants maintain strong links with their or their ancestors' former country, gaining significant privileges over other inhabitants of the territory by such links.

Speciation, the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. Speciation involves the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages. Speciation is the process by which new species form. It occurs when groups in a species become reproductively isolated and diverge. In allopatric speciation, groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species due to a period of geographical separation.

Given two opposite angles of a parallelogram are (3x − 2)º and (50 − x)º
Recall that opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
Hence (3x − 2) = (50 − x)
⇒ 3x + x = 50 + 2
⇒ 4x = 52
∴ x = 13
(3x − 2)º = [3(13) − 2]º = [39 − 2]º = 37º
Sum of adjacent angles is 180º
Hence other two equal opposite angles = 180º − 37º = 143°

February Revolution:

•  22nd February: Factory lockout on the right bank took place.
•  25th February: Duma was dissolved.
•  27th February: Police Headquarters ransacked. Regiments support the workers. Formation of Soviet.
•  2nd March: The Tsar abdicated his power. The Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government for Russia.

The February Revolution had no political party at its forefront. It was led by the people themselves. Petrograd had brought down the monarchy, and thus, gained a significant place in Soviet history. Trade Unions grew in number. With no monarchy to rule the Russian future would now be decided by the constituent assembly which was going to be elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage.

October Revolution:

•  16th October: A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by Soviet.
•  24th October: The uprising against the provisional government begins. Military Revolutionary Committee controls the city by night and ministers surrender. The Bolshevik gained power.

The October Revolution was primarily led by Lenin and his subordinate, Trotskii and involved the masses who supported these leaders. It marked the beginning of Lenin's rule over the Soviet, with the Bolsheviks under his guidance. The Bolshevik party after the revolution came to be known as the Russian Communist Party.

Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar, which is why the event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the Duma's provisional government. October Revolution, also called Bolshevik Revolution, (Oct. 24–25 [Nov. 6–7, New Style], 1917), the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, inaugurating the Soviet regime. See Russian Revolution of 1917.

February Revolution:

•  22nd February: Factory lockout on the right bank took place.
•  25th February: Duma was dissolved.
•  27th February: Police Headquarters ransacked. Regiments support the workers. Formation of Soviet.
•  2nd March: The Tsar abdicated his power. The Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government for Russia.

The February Revolution had no political party at its forefront. It was led by the people themselves. Petrograd had brought down the monarchy, and thus, gained a significant place in Soviet history. Trade Unions grew in number. With no monarchy to rule the Russian future would now be decided by the constituent assembly which was going to be elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage.

October Revolution:

•  16th October: A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by Soviet.
•  24th October: The uprising against the provisional government begins. Military Revolutionary Committee controls the city by night and ministers surrender. The Bolshevik gained power.

The October Revolution was primarily led by Lenin and his subordinate, Trotskii and involved the masses who supported these leaders. It marked the beginning of Lenin's rule over the Soviet, with the Bolsheviks under his guidance. The Bolshevik party after the revolution came to be known as the Russian Communist Party.

अनौपचारिक-पत्र की प्रशस्ति (आरम्भ में लिखे जाने वाले आदरपूर्वक शब्द), अभिवादन व समाप्ति में किन शब्दों का प्रयोग करना चाहिए-
(1) अपने से बड़े आदरणीय संबंधियों के लिए-
प्रशस्ति – आदरणीय, पूजनीय, पूज्य, श्रद्धेय आदि।
अभिवादन – सादर प्रणाम, सादर चरणस्पर्श, सादर नमस्कार आदि।
समाप्ति – आपका बेटा, पोता, नाती, बेटी, पोती, नातिन, भतीजा आदि।

(2) अपने से छोटों या बराबर वालों के लिए-
प्रशस्ति – प्रिय, चिरंजीव, प्यारे, प्रिय मित्र आदि।
अभिवादन – मधुर स्मृतियाँ, सदा खुश रहो, सुखी रहो, आशीर्वाद आदि।
समाप्ति – तुम्हारा, तुम्हारा मित्र, तुम्हारा हितैषी, तुम्हारा शुभचिंतक आदि।

अनौपचारिक-पत्र का प्रारूप-
(प्रेषक-लिखने वाले का पता)
………………
दिनांक ……………….
संबोधन ……………….
अभिवादन ……………….
पहला अनुच्छेद ………………. (कुशल-मंगल समाचार)
दूसरा अनुच्छेद ……….. (विषय-वस्तु-जिस बारे में पत्र लिखना है)
तीसरा अनुच्छेद ……………. (समाप्ति)
प्रापक के साथ प्रेषक का संबंध
प्रेषक का नाम …………….

The Composition of constituent assembly of India ÷ The originalconstituent assembly consisted of 389 members , of which 292 were elected by the elected members of the provincial legislative assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the princely states . Functioning of the constituent assembly ÷ The first meeting of the constituent assembly took place on Dec 9 , 1946 . On Dec 13 , 1946 , Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ' Objectives Resolution ' in the Assembly . It laid down the fundamental and philosophy of the constitutional structure . It was unanimously adopted by the Assembly on Jan 2 , 1947 . Its modified version forms the preamble constitution .

Autumn is the season when most of the leaves getting separated from the trees. It is the season that comes right after summer and comes right before winter. This season is specifically known as fall as many leaves fall from the trees and birds migrate to some other places. So, the word fall explains the season autumn.

There are three basic elements in yoga: Asanas, Pranayama and Concentration

1. Asanas are poses which exercise the front, back and side of the body equally. A full range of movements such as horizontal and vertical expansion are created while performing asanas. Both the asana and the sequence of asanas are important for creating a response such as stimulating, energizing or calming the body. The asanas also improve muscle strength, mobility of the joints, circulation, and balance as well as body awareness.
2. Pranayama means control of the breath, which leads to deeper breathing thereby providing the body with more oxygen. This intensive breathing technique creates a feeling of serenity and inner peace.
3. Concentration is fundamental in yoga. The focus on the specifics of the pose and control of the breath will improve concentration.

The poem throws light on the mindset of a school boy. He is unhappy. He loves outdoor life. He hears the birds sing. The blowing of horn by the huntsmen pleases him. He wants to enjoy the company of the skylark. But he can find such joy only on a summer morning.

Instead of living like a free bird, the boy is made to go to school. It makes him sad. He hates going to school because of his cruel old teacher. There the small children spend the day from morning to evening and get disappointed.

Sometimes the boy sits for hours with his head hanging down but he is caged. He finds no joy in reading his book. The school is a cheerless place for him. He gets fed up with the shower of words from his teacher.

The boy compares himself to a bird who is bom free to fly and enjoy life but he is caged. He cannot sing in a cage. The boy has the feeling of being a prisoner at school. He is all the time afraid of the teacher. As a caged bird he lets his wings droop down and forgets to share the joy of spring.

The poet calls upon the parents not to be so harsh or cmel to the children. School going kids are as delicate as birds and flowers. They need fresh air and free movement to grow healthy and happy. Keeping them under excess cage will make them unhappy. If a plant is denied air and is kept in dark, it won’t grow well and never bear fruit.

The Calico Acts banned the import of most cotton textiles into England, followed by the restriction of sale of most cotton textiles. It was a form of economic protectionism, largely in response to India, which dominated world cotton textile markets at the time. The Calico Acts (1690–1721) banned the import of textiles into England, followed by the restriction of sale of most cotton textiles. The English East India Company quickly embraced the demand for calico, importing exotic textiles from around the globe into England and creating competition for domestic woollen textiles. The calico question was one of the major issues of National politics between the 1690s and the 1730s. Parliament began to see a decline in domestic textile sales, and an increase in imported textiles from places like China and India. Seeing the East India Company and their textile importation as a threat to domestic textile businesses, Parliament passed the Calico Acts as an attack on textile importation. Dissatisfied with the smuggling of outside textiles after the original Calico Acts; in 1721, Parliament passed a stricter addition to the original Calico Acts, this time, prohibiting the sale of most cottons, imported and domestic (exempting only thread and raw cotton), and promoting the sale of wool. In that decade, the UK was importing 1.5 million pounds of cotton; in another 70 years (1790s), the UK was importing 30 million pounds of cotton a year from India.