The hardships ended with the war as the British introduced the Rowlatt Act

• First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
• Throughout the war, prices doubled, which led to extreme hardships for the common people between 1913  & 1918. Villages had been requested to provide soldiers, and forcible rural recruitment caused widespread indignation. Crops had failed in several parts of India in 1918-19 and 1920-21.  This added to extreme food shortages.
• This was combined with an outbreak of influenza. 12 to 13 million people died in famines and plague, according to the 1921 census. People hoped that after the battle, their troubles could cease. That didn't happen, though.
• The British government passed the infamous Rowlatt Act which gave enormous powers to the police to arrest any person without any reason whatsoever.The Act was meant to curtail the country's increasing nationalist upsurge. Gandhi urged the population to fight the oppressive act "Satyagraha"

An account is said to have a credit balance if the total of its credit side is more than the total of its debit side.

A debit balance is an account balance where there is a positive balance in the left side of the account. Accounts that normally have a debit balance include assets, expenses, and losses. Examples of these accounts are the cash, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, fixed assets (asset) account, wages (expense) and loss on sale of assets (loss) account. Contra accounts that normally have debit balances include the contra liability, contra equity, and contra revenue accounts. An example of these accounts is the treasury stock (contra equity) account.

The excerpt is taken from the biographical account of Harriet Tubman titled, ‘Harriet Tubman, The Moses of Her People’. This is a story of a woman who suffered because of racial discrimination, but she did fight against slavery, helped her family and members of her community to free themselves from the clutches of the perpetrators of their suffering. She was grateful to her friend, Frederick Douglass, who had hidden her, and some runaway slaves more than once in his home in Rochester. Read the passage (a letter to Harriet by Frederick Douglass) given below and answer the questions that follow. "The difference between us is very marked. Most that I have done and suffered in the service of our cause has been in public, and I have received much encouragement at every step of the way. You, on the other hand, have laboured in a private way. I have wrought in the day—you in the night. I have had the applause of the crowd and the satisfaction that comes of being approved by the multitude, while the most you have done witnessed by few trembling, scared, and footsore bondmen and women, whom you have led out of the house of bondage, and whose heartfelt God bless you has been your only reward. The midnight sky and the silent stars have been the witnesses of your devotion to freedom and your heroism." When years later, in her old age, a reporter for the New York Herald Tribune came to interview her one afternoon at her home in Auburn, he wrote that, as he was leaving, Harriet looked towards an orchard nearby and said, "Do you like apples?" On being assured that the young man liked them, she asked, "Did you ever plant any apples?" The writer confessed that he had not. "No" said the old woman, "but somebody else planted them". I liked apples when I was young. And I said, "Someday I’ll plant apples myself for other young folks to eat. And I guess I did." Her apples were the apples of freedom. Harriet Tubman lived to see the harvest. Her home in Auburn, New York, is preserved as a memorial to her planting. (Source: Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People, by Langston Hughes) Q.1. What had Harriet done for herself and her community? Q.2. What was the title of the first book written on Harriet Tubman and who wrote it? Q.3. How had Harriet’s life been hard, but dedicated to a cause? Q.4. What comparison had Frederick drawn between his and Harriet’s life? Q.5. Tick the correct answers. Harriet had been grateful to Frederick because: (a) Frederick was her neighbour. ( ) (b) Harriet took financial help from Frederick. ( ) (c) Harriet revolted as a slave and ran away from her master’s house and Frederick gave her shelter. ( ) (d) Frederick hid other slaves in his house whom Harriet had inspired to run away. ( ) Q.6. Tick the correct answer. ‘footsore bondmen and women’ means: (a) Bondaged men and women had to work day and night. ( ) (b) Bondmen and women suffered from foot diseases. ( ) (c) Bondmen and women were bonded labourers. ( ) (d) Bondaged men and women had wounded and tired feet because they ran for days together to safe places from the house of their masters. ( )

A short run competitive equilibrium is a situation in which, given the firms in the market, the price is such that that total amount the firms wish to supply is equal to the total amount the consumers wish to demand. In economics the long run is a theoretical concept in which all markets are in equilibrium, and all prices and quantities have fully adjusted and are in equilibrium. The long run contrasts with the short run, in which there are some constraints and markets are not fully in equilibrium.

• Sepals: Sepal is the green-coloured part beneath the petals to protect rising buds. Some flowers have fused petals-sepals while a few have separated petals-sepals.

Pangaea formed through a gradual process spanning a few hundred million years. Beginning about 480 million years ago, a continent called Laurentia, which includes parts of North America, merged with several other micro-continents to form Euramerica. Euramerica eventually collided with Gondwana, another supercontinent that included Africa, Australia, South America and the Indian subcontinent.

Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to change the energy from sunlight into energy for food. Plants change light energy from the sun into food energy. Photosynthesis happens in all green parts of a plant. Leaves are usually the greenest parts. So plants do this mostly in their leaves.

Earth crust is the thinnest and the most rudimentary layer that makes up the Earth, and yet, everything that has ever lived on Earth has called it home. The crust is a dynamic structure and it is one of the layers that make up our pale blue dot. The crust is referred to as a chemical layer that has varying chemical compositions. 

The temperature within the Earth is very high, because it has very much humidity, hot lava. This causes the rocks also becomes hot called magma. There are three main sources of heat in the deep earth: (1) heat from when the planet formed and accreted, which has not yet been lost; (2) frictional heating, caused by denser core material sinking to the center of the planet; and (3) heat from the decay of radioactive elements.

When we go inside the earth a pressure is exerted because of the gas particles in the air—like particles of all fluids—are constantly moving and bumping into things, they exert pressure. The pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere is greater close to Earth's surface and decreases as you go higher above the surface.

The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals.

Pressure also increases in the outer core due in part to the weight of the crust and mantle above. The Earth's magnetic field is generated by the outer core.

The density of the Earth is 5.513 g/cm³. This is an average of all of the material on the planet. Water is much less dense than iron, hence an average is needed for ease of use. Earth is the most dense planet in the Solar System; however, if gravitational compression where factored out, the second most dense planet, Mercury, would be more dense.