All the workers,quarters and factories were located on the right bank of the river Neva. On the left bank were the fashionable areas, the Winter Palace, official buildings and the palace where Duma met. In February 1917, there was severe food shortage in workers’ quarters. On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory leading to a strike by the workers. In other factories also, workers went on strikes and women led the way to the strikes. This came to be called, ‘The International Women’s Day’. The workers ultimately crossed the river and surrounded the official buildings in protest. The government imposed a curfew and called out the cavalry and police to keep a check on them.

3/9 + 1/9

= (3+1)/9

= 4/9

4/8 + 8/5

= [4(5) + 8(8)]/ 40

= [20 - 64]/40

= -44/40

= -11/10

Characteristics of Development: 

(i) What may be development for one may not be development for the others. 

(ii) For development, people look at mix goals. 

(iii) Income is the most important component of development, but along with income, people also seek equal treatment, good health, peace and security, etc.

Van der Waals forces are weak intermolecular forces that are dependent on the distance between atoms or molecules. These forces arise from the interactions between uncharged atoms/molecules.

For example, Van der Waals forces can arise from the fluctuation in the polarizations of two particles that are close to each other

CFCs contain both chlorine and fluorine. CFCs are very stable and do not get degraded by any natural process. In the ozone layer present in the outer region of the atmosphere (25-40 km above sea level), CFCs are dissociated by ultraviolet light to release free chlorine atoms. Free chlorine atoms catalyse the breakdown of ozone molecules (03) into oxygen. This results in degradation of the ozone layer. Thinning of the ozone layer would allow penetration of ultraviolet light into Earth’s atmosphere causing blindness, skin cancer and mutations.

Electron gain enthalpy of an element may be defined as the energy released when a neutral isolated gaseous atom accepts an extra electron to form the gaseous negative Ion i.e. anion.It is denoted by

 Δ eg H.

Greater the amount of energy released in the above process, higher is the electron gain enthalpy of the element. The electron gain enthalpy of a element is a measure of the firmness or strength with which an extra electron is bound to it.

Electron gain enthalpy is measured in electron volts per atom or kJ per mole.

The process of adding an electron to the atom can be either exothermic or endothermic.

Energy is released when an electron is added to the atom. Therefore, the electron gain enthalpy is negative.

The electron gain enthalpy for halogens is highly negative because they can acquire the nearest stable noble gas configuration by accepting an extra electron.

Noble gases have large positive electron gain enthalpy because the extra electron has to be placed in the next higher principal quantum energy levels there by producing highly unstable electronic configuration.

After the addition of 1 electron, the atoms becomes negatively charged and the second electron is to be added to a negatively charged Ion. But the addition of second electron is opposed by the electrostatic repulsion and hence the energy has to be supplied for the addition of second electron. The second electron gain enthalpy of an element is positive.

When an electron is added to oxygen atom to form  O¯ ion ,energy is released.But when another electron is added to O¯ ion to form O2- ion, the energy is absorbed to overcome the strong electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged  O¯ ion and second electron being added.

Ans : Hang

In computing, a hang or freeze occurs when either a process or system ceases to respond to inputs. ... A hang may be temporary if caused by a condition that resolves itself, such as slow hardware, or it may be permanent and require manual intervention, as in the case of a hardware or software logic error.

Phosphorus is a 15th group element and it forms the most stable pentavalent compound like P2​O5​. because available of d-electrons. Also, on moving down the group, the stability of the +5 oxidation state decreases. 

Thus, phosphorus form the most stable pentavalent compounds.

Oxidation States

• The number allotted to an element in a compound representing the number of electrons lost or gained by an atom of the element of the compound is called oxidation state.

For example, the electron configuration of copper is [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹. It attains noble gas configuration by losing one electron. The energy required to lose one more electron is very less and hence copper loses 2 electrons and forms Cu²⁺ ion. Therefore copper exhibits +1 and +2 oxidation state. But +2 oxidation states are more common.

It forms compounds like CuCl₂ and also with oxygen like CuO. In both the cases the oxidation state of Cu is +2.

• Transition elements exhibit varying oxidation states due to the minor energy difference between ns and (n -1) d orbitals.
• Along with ns electrons, (n -1) d electrons takes part in bonding. But due to the availability of few electrons for bonding Scandium does not show variable oxidation states.
• Due to presence of more d electrons, zinc has less orbital available for bonding and hence does not exhibit varying oxidation state.
• Among d-block elements the elements belonging to 8^th group exhibit maximum oxidation state.
• Among the elements of 3d –series Manganese belonging to 7^th group exhibits maximum oxidation state.
• Among the elements of 4d-Series Ruthenium belonging to 8th group exhibits maximum oxidation state.
• Among the elements of 5d-Series Osmium belonging to 8th group exhibits maximum oxidation state.
• The oxidation number of a free element is always 0.
• Oxidation number of (group I) elements like Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs is +1.
• Oxidation number of (group II) elements like Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba is +2.
• Oxidation number of oxygen is -2.
• For example, oxidation state of Phosphorous in the compound HPO₃^2- can be calculated by the following method:

Oxidation state of H = +1

Oxidation state of O = -2

Oxidation state of O₃ = 3(-2)  [Since it has 3 atoms of oxygen.]

Overall oxidation state of the compound = -2

Let P represent the oxidation state of Phosphorous.

Therefore,

HPO₃^2- = +1+P+3(-2) = -2

• P = +3

Coaxial Cable 

Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig. 3). The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.

Computer networks help users on the network to share the resources and in communication. Can you imagine a world now without emails, online newspapers, blogs, chat and the other services offered by the internet?

The following are the important uses and benefits of a computer network.

File sharing: Networking of computers helps the network users to share data files.

Hardware sharing: Users can share devices such as printers, scanners, CD-ROM drives, hard drives etc. Without computer networks, device sharing is not possible.

Application sharing: Applications can be shared over the network, and this allows to implement client/server applications

User communication: Networks allow users to communicate using e-mail, newsgroups, and video conferencing etc.

 A group of computers which are connected to each other and follow similar usage protocols for the purpose of sharing information and having communications provided by the networking nodes is called a Computer Network. 

A network may be small where it may include just one system or maybe as large as what one may want. The nodes may further be classified into various types. These include:

• Personal Computers
• Servers
• Networking Hardware
• General Hosts

The Internet is a massive network of networks. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet.

1. Uses of the Internet for business promotion and digital marketing

2. Uses of the Internet in Students daily life

3. Uses of the Internet to increase the speed of daily tasks

4. Uses of the Internet for online selling or Shopping

5. Use of the Internet for research and development

Modems are generally classified by the maximum amount of data they can send in a given unit of time, usually expressed in bits per second (symbol bit(s), sometimes abbreviated "bps") or bytes per second (symbol B(s)).

Resistance is directly proportional to area and inversely proportional to length.

Hence if we increase resistance we get increased area and decreased length and vice - versa.

Also Resistivity wont change if the length and area is changed. It remains constant for all values for a given material.

So,

Let the original length be = x 

Let the original area be = y

Resistivity = k ( Constant )

So Resistance = ky / x   -----( Equation 1 )

Now given that length is halved and area is doubled. Then we get,

Length = x / 2

Area = 2y

Resistivity = k ( Constant )

Now Resistance = k * 2y / x / 2

= 2 ky * 2 / x 

= 4 ky / x   -----( Equation 2 )

Now comparing Equation 1 and 2 we get that,

Resistance has become 4 times after modifications.

Hence Resistance will become 4 times in the new condition, if the area is doubled and length is halved.

• Information is a processed, organised data presented in a given context and is useful to humans.
• Information is a group of data that collectively carry a logical meaning.
• Information depends on data.
• Example: The average score of a class is the information derived from the given data.

1. Data is unorganised raw facts that need processing without which it is seemingly random and useless to humans
2. Data is an individual unit that contains raw material which does not carry any specific meaning.
3. An example of data is a student’s test score

1. कार्यपालिका का नियंत्रण
संसद का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य है मंत्रिपरिषद् की चूक और वचनबद्धता की जवाबदेही तय करते हुए उस पर अपने नियंत्रण के अधिकार का प्रयोग करना। धारा 75(3) में स्पष्ट कहा गया है कि मंत्रिपरिषद तभी तक कार्यरत रह सकती है, जब तक उसे लोकसभा का विश्वास प्राप्त है। संसद का यह महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य एक जवाबदेह शासन को सुनिश्चित करता है।

2. कानून बनाना
कानून बनाना किसी भी विधानमंडल का प्रधान कार्य है। भारत की संसद उन तमाम विषयों पर कानून बनाती है, जो संघ सूची और समवर्ती सूची (राज्य और केंद्र, दोनों की सूची में शामिल विषय) में शामिल हैं।

3. वित्त का नियंत्रण
संसद, खासकर लोकसभा वित्त के कार्यक्षेत्र में महत्त्वपूर्ण अधिकारों का प्रयोग करती है। विधायिका को यह सुनिश्चित करना होता है कि सार्वजनिक निधि की उगाही और व्यय उसकी अनुमति से हो।

4. विमर्श शुरू करना
सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रशासनिक नीतियों की चर्चा सदन के पटल पर होती है। लिहाजा न केवल मंत्रिमंडल संसद का परामर्श हासिल करता है और अपनी खामियों के बारे में जानता है, बल्कि पूरे देश को भी सार्वजनिक महत्त्व के विषयों के बारे में जानकारी मिलती है।

5. संवैधानिक कार्य
संविधान के अंतर्गत संसद एकमात्र निकाय है, जो संविधान में संशोधन के लिए कोई प्रस्ताव पेश कर सकता है। संशोधन का प्रस्ताव किसी भी सदन (लोकसभा या राज्यसभा) में पेश किया जा सकता है।

6. निर्वाचन संबंधी कार्य
संसद राष्ट्रपति और उपराष्ट्रपति के चुनाव में भी भाग लेती है। यह अपनी समितियों के विभिन्न सदस्यों, पीठासीन पदाधिकारियों और उप पीठासीन पदाधिकारियों को भी चुनती है।

7. न्यायिक कार्य
संसद के पास राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, सुप्रीम व हाई कोर्ट के जजों के साथ-साथ संघ व राज्य लोक सेवा आयोगों के अध्यक्षों तथा सदस्यों और सीएजी पर महाभियोग चलाने का अधिकार है।