Eagle Youth Club
B-69 Court Road
Kanpur
1 August, 20XX
The Manager
Nawab Furniture Depot
84-Railway Road
Kanpur
Sir
Sub: Replacement of defective furniture
This is with reference to order no, 93812 of a sofa set, wooden chairs and table worth
₹ 45,000. This is to bring to your notice that on inspection of the furniture after receipt at Club office certain defects have been noticed.
We request you to replace the furniture within a week as the club’s general meeting is scheduled for the next week.
We hope that such mistakes will not occur in future.
Hoping for an early replacement.
Yours faithfully
Amina
Secretary

Question 16:

• Absorption is taking simple molecules, which were produced as a result of digestion into the body (blood stream/lymph) from the intestinal cavity. Assimilation is making new compounds from the absorbed molecules, which are necessary for normal cell functioning or to produce energy.
• Absorption is mainly taking place at the small intestine. Assimilation is taking place in the liver or any other cell.
• In absorption, nutrients are added to the blood stream or lymph, but in assimilation, nutrients are taken out from the blood stream/ lymph.
 

Both absorption and assimilation are steps of heterotrophic nutrition. The key difference between absorption and assimilation is that absorption is the process of taking digested simple molecules into bloodstream/lymph via the intestinal villi and microvilli while assimilation is the process of synthesizing new compounds from the absorbed molecules. Furthermore, absorption takes place via active and passive transport and occurs mainly in the small intestine. On the other hand, assimilation mainly takes place in the liver. Moreover, it helps cell growth and development as well as new cell production. This is the summary of the difference between absorption and assimilation.

Posters are placards displayed in a public place announcing or advertising something. Posters are notices, advertisements and invitations—all in one.

PURPOSE OF POSTERS

The purpose of designing a poster is either to create social awareness about issues related to current problems and needs, or to advertise or even to extend public invitations and display notices.

DRAFTING POSTERS

Posters should be colourful, attractive and tempting.

They must be drafted carefully to attract the attention of the readers, excite their imagination and influence their minds.

Posters are read from a distance. Do not give many details in a poster. Highlight only ; important issue/issues.

MAIN FEATURES OF A POSTER

(a) Layout

Visually attractive/Eye Catching

Title-suggestive/catchy

Use slogan, jingle or short verse

Sketch or simple drawings

Letters of different size and shape

Proportionate spacing, etc

(b) Contents

The theme or subject of the poster

Description or details associated with the theme

Essential details like time, date, venue (for an event)

Name(s) of issuing authority/organisation, etc

(c) Expression

Phrases, slogans, persuasive language

Creativity in terms of content and design

Overall organisation and sequencing of the matter

Magnetic separation: This method is based on the magnetic and non-magnetic properties of the ore components

1. Magnetic Separation: - This method is based on differences in magnetic properties of the ore components. If either the ore or the gangue (one of these two) is capable of being attracted by a magnetic field, then such separations are carried out (e.g., in case of iron ores). The ground ore is carried on a conveyer belt which passes over a magnetic roller.

Answer:
Mourad and Uncle Khosrove were the two characters who showed a crazy streak in their behaviour. Mourad was a thirteen-year old Armenian boy. He belonged to Garoghlanian tribe. He was fond of riding to the point of craziness. He sang out of joy when riding a stolen horse. He said confidently that he had a way with horses.

He was crazy like his uncle Khosrove and was considered the natural descendent of his crazy uncle. Uncle Khosrove had a furious temper1 and was known to be crazy. He was so impatient and irritable that he stopped anyone from talking by roaring, ‘It is no harm; pay no attention to it’. He said this even when his son came running to tell him that their house was on fire. He got irritated and snubbed John Byro when he told him about his horse having been stolen.

Ranga was influenced by the English way of life in the matter of marriage. He was not in favour of arranged marriages of the time where the brides were quite young. He told the narrator that he was not getting married just then. He gave two reasons. First, he must find the right girl. She must be mature enough to understand his love-talk. Avery young girl might take his words spoken in love as words spoken in anger. He gives examples of a thirty year old officer who married a twenty-five year old lady and that of king Dushyanta falling in love with Shakuntla. The second reason he gave was that one should marry a girl one loves.
During the course of the story we find a change in Ranga’s ideas about marriage. Not only is he fascinated by Rama Rao’s eleven year old niece Ratna, he also marries her in the old traditional way of arranged marriages.

Ranga believed he needed to find the right girl to get married. He believed if he would ever marry a girl, she would be mature, not a very young girl. Besides, he wanted to marry a girl whom he admired. He was not in favour of arranged marriage. His views changed outright when he saw Ratna. Ratna was Rama Rao’s niece, a pretty girl of eleven, had come to stay with him. She was from a big town, so she knew how to play the veena and the harmonium. She also had a sweet voice. Both her parents had died, and her uncle had brought her home. The narrator decided to have Ranga and Ratna married.

Man’s existence on this Earth is short-lived but even in this short span, he has been responsible for many wrong doings against other human beings. God has created everyone as equal. But it is very unfortunate that man has divided this society on the basis of class, caste and other factors.

Man must learn from elements of nature which provide us fresh air, heat or water, without making any distinction.

But in human society class distinctions and caste distinctions both exist and inequalities prevail in large numbers.

It is high time that man must learn lessons from nature and adopt universal brotherhood for the betterment of our society.

When King Tut was taken from his resting place in the ancient Egyptian cemetery known as the Valley of the Kings for a CT Scan, an angry wind stirred up ghostly dust devils. Dark-bellied clouds had scudded across the desert sky all day and now were veiling the stars in casket grey. In Egypt, there was a belief in after life. So, taking Tut's body for a CT Scan was considered unnatural and therefore it is said that the nature echoed the unnatural happenings with King Tut's body.

Answer: The narrator returned to Marconi Street after a long time because in the beginning, after the Liberation, she was not interested in all that stored stuff. She had lost her mother and was also afraid of being confronted with things that remained as a painful reminder to their past.

Answer:
John Byro scrutinized the horse; it was an exact replica of the one he owned. He refused to believe that the two boys had taken his horse, as he knew their family was famed for honesty. So, even when his rational mind said that it was his horse, his heart refused to believe it.

वैसे तो पत्रकारों के प्रकार की कोई निश्चित सीमा नही है फिर भी पत्रकार के कुछ प्रमुख प्रकार इस प्रकार हैं।

1. खोजीपत्रकार — ये पत्रकार वो पत्रकार होते हैं जो घटना या मामले की गहराई से छानबीन करके लोगों के सामने लाते हैं। वो मामले जिन छुपाने की कोशिश की जा रही होती है या भ्रष्टाचार से जुड़े मामले जिन्हे दबाने की कोशिश की जाती है ऐसे मामलों को खोजी पत्रकार अपनी जांच-पड़ताल, गहराई से छानबीन कर उचित साक्ष्य और तथ्यों के साथ जनता के सामने लाते हैं। आजकल टेलीविजन में दिखाये जाने वाले जुड़े स्टिंग आपरेशन भी खोजी पत्रकार ही करते हैं।

2. वाचडॉग पत्रकार — ये वो पत्रकार होते में सरकार के कामकाज पर नजर रखते हैं। अक्सर सरकारें अपने कामकाज के संबध में मीडिया को वही जानकारी उपलब्ध कराती हैं जो वो उनके पक्ष में हो। वाचडॉग पत्रकार सरकारी के कामकाज पर नजर रखे रहते हैं और सरकारी की कमियों को भी जनता के सामने लाते हैं।

3. खेल पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार खेल के विशेषता लिये होते हैं और इनका काम विभिन्न खेलों से जुड़ी गतिविधियों को जनता तक पहुंचाना है। कुछ ऐसे पत्रकार भी होते हैं जो किसी विशेष खेल से संबंधित ही रिपोर्टिंग करते हैं।

4. फिल्म/टीवी/फैशन पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार सिनेमा और टीवी जगत में हो रही हलचल की रिपोर्टिंग के लिये जाने जाते हैं। कलाकारों के इंटरव्यू आदि भी ये पत्रकार ही करते हैं। फैशन जगत से जुड़ी रिपोर्टिंग भी ये पत्रकार ही करते हैं।

5. आर्थिक पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार आर्थिक जगत से जुड़े विषयों पर पत्रकारिता करते हैं। अर्थव्यवस्था से जुड़े मसले हों या शेयर बाजार व स्टॉक एक्सचेंज के उतार-चढ़ाव की रिपोर्टिंग करनी हो तो आर्थिक पत्रकार ही रिपोर्टिंग करते हैं। आर्थिक पत्रकार को अर्थशास्त्र व आर्थिक क्षेत्रों की बारीकियों की अच्छी जानकारी होती है।

6. अपराध पत्रकार — अपराध जगत से जुड़ी  घटनाओं की रिपोर्टिंग अपराध पत्रकार करते हैं। ऐसे पत्रकार अक्सर विभिन्न पुलिस स्टेशनों के चक्कर लगाते रहते हैं। पुलिस अधिकारियों से इनके अच्छे संपर्क होते हैं जिससे किसी आपराधिक वारदात की सूचना मिल जाती है। ऐसे पत्रकारों को किसी आपराधिक मामले की तह तक जाने के लिये अक्सर खोजी पत्रकार की तरह कार्य करना होता है।

7. पीत पत्रकार — किसी क्षेत्र की किसी घटना को सनसनीखेज तरीके से पेश कर और उसमें अफवाह, झूठ या मसाला आदि डालकर पेश करने वाले पत्रकार को पीत पत्रकार कहते है। ऐसे पत्रकार ऐसा इसलिये करते ताकि मसालेदार खबरों से जनता को लुभा सकें। ऐसे पत्रकारों की खबरों की कोई विश्वसनीयता नही  होती है।

8. पेज-थ्री पत्रकार — बहुत से प्रमुख अखबारों के साथ आने वाले सप्लीमेंटस के पेज नं. थ्री पर अक्सर बड़े-बड़े सेलिब्रिटीज और अमीर लोगों की पार्टियो और लाइफ स्टाइल की खबरे छपती रहती हैं। पेज-थ्री पत्रकारों काम ऐसी खबरों की रिपोर्टिंग करना है। ये पत्रकार अक्सर पार्टियों में नजर आते हैं।

9. विज्ञान पत्रकार — विज्ञान से जुड़े विषयों, अंतरिक्ष, अनुसंधान, टेक्नोलोजी से जुड़े विषयों पर ये पत्रकार रिपोर्टिंग करते हैं।

10. एडवोकेसी पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार किसी खास विषय पर लोगों का जनमत जानने या किसी ओपिनियन पोल आदि बनाने के लिये जाने जाते हैं।

11. वैकल्पिक पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार मुख्यधारा के पत्रकारों से अलग होते हैं और इन्हें सरकार, मीडिया संस्थान का समर्थन नही होता है। इनके समर्थन व सहयोग का मुख्य स्रोत इनके पाठक या दर्शक होते हैं। बहुत से फ्रीलांस पत्रकार इसी श्रेणी में आते हैं।

इस प्रकार ये  पत्रकारों के प्रमुख पत्रकार हैं।

G.S. Ghurye can be considered the founder of institutionalised sociology in India. He headed India’s very first post-graduate teaching department of Sociology at Bombay University for thirty-five years. He guided a large number of research scholars, many of whom went on to occupy prominent positions in the discipline. He also founded the Indian Sociological Society as well as its journal Sociological Bulletin. His academic writings were not only prolific, but very wide-ranging in the subjects they covered. At a time when financial and institutional support for university research was very limited, Ghurye managed to nurture sociology as an increasingly Indian discipline. Ghurye’s Bombay University department was the first to successfully implement two of the features which were later enthusiastically endorsed by his successors in the discipline. These were the active combining of teaching and research within the same institution, and the merger of social anthropology and sociology into a composite discipline.

Answer:
The lizard is a quick moving animal. It is also very alert and its movements are sudden. In the given line, the arrival of the goldfinch on the Laburnum tree is described. The poet describes its movements as alert and sudden just like that of a lizard. This is done to avoid getting the attention of the predators.

Answer:
Sue had bumped her head and there was a big bump above her eyes. She had two black eyes, and a deep cut on her arm. She showed remarkable maturity for a seven-year-old when she said that she didn’t want to worry them when her father was trying to save all of them.

Difference: Though amoeba and humans share the same mode of nutrition, both process the nutrients and convert them into energy in different ways. Humans have a complex digestive system, while amoeba engulfs its food and brings it deep within the cell. Here, the food particles merge with lysosomes, which consequently dissolve the food particles.

Nutrition in complex animals involves following steps:

• Ingestion
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Assimilation
• Egestion

Ingestion: The intake of food is called ingestion. Method of ingestion, i.e. taking of food, varies from one animal to another.

Digestion: The process of breaking down of complex component of food into simpler substances is called digestion. The process of digestion is different in human, grass eating animals, amoeba, etc.

Absorption: The process of passing of digested food into blood vessels in the intestine is called the absorption.

Assimilation: The conversion of absorbed food in complex substances such as proteins and vitamins required by body is called assimilation. In other words, assimilation is the conversion of absorbed food (nutrients) into living tissues. Through the process of assimilation our cells are supplied with oxygen and nutrients.

Egestion: Removal of waste materials from the body is called egestion. The faecal matter is removed through the **** from time-to-time. Since the waste of food left after digestion is also called faeces, hence the process of egestion is also known as defecation.

Aim
To compare the EMF of two given primary cells using potentiometer.

Apparatus
Potentiometer, a Leclanche cell, a Daniel cell, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a galvanometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), a rheostat of low resistance, a resistance box, a one way key, a two way key, a jockey, a set square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

Theory

where, E₁ and E₂ are the e.m.f. of two given cells and l₁ and l₂  are the corresponding balancing lengths on potentiometer wire.

Circuit diagram

Procedure

1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in circuit diagram figure.
2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting copper wires with a sand paper.
3. Measure the e.m.f. (E) of the battery and the e.m.fs. (E₁ and E₂ ) of the cells. See that E > E₁  and also E > E₂ .
4. Connect the positive pole of the battery (a battery of constant e.m.f.) to the zero end (P) of the potentiometer and the negative pole through a one-way key, an ammeter and a low resistance rheostat to the other end (Q) of the potentiometer.
5. Connect the positive poles of the cells E₁ and E₂  to the terminal at the zero end (P) and the negative poles to the terminals a and b of the two way key.
6. Connect the common terminal c of the two-way key through a galvanometer (G) and a resistance box (R.B.) to the jockey J.
7. Take maximum current from the battery making rheostat resistance zero.
8. Insert the plug in the one-way key (K) in circuit and also in between the terminals a and c of the two-way key.
9. Take out a 2,000 ohms plug from the resistance box (R.B.).
10. Press the jockey at the zero end and note the direction of deflection in the galvanometer.
11. Press the jockey at the other end of the potentiometer wire. If the direction of deflection is opposite to that in the first case, the connections are correct. (If the deflection is in the same direction then either connections are wrong or e.m.f. of the auxiliary battery is less).
12.  Slide the jockey gently over the potentiometer wires till you obtain a point where galvanometer shows no deflection.
13. Put the 2000 ohms plug back in the resistance box and obtain the null point position accurately, using a set square.
14. Note the length l₁ of the wire for the cell E₁ Also note the current as indicated by the ammeter.
15. Disconnect the cell E₁  by removing the plug from gap ac of two-way key and connect the cell E₂  by inserting plug into gap be of two-way key.
16. Take out a 2000 ohms plug from resistance box R.B. and slide the jockey along potentiometer wire so as to obtain no deflection position.
17. Put the 2000 ohms plug back in the resistance box and obtain accurate position of null point for second cell E₂ .
18. Note the length l₂  of wire in this position for the cell E₂ . However, make sure that ammeter reading is same as in step 14.
19. Repeat the observations alternately for each cell again for the same value of current.
20. Increase the current by adjusting the rheostat and obtain at least three sets of observations in a similar way.
21. Record your observations as given below

Observations

Calculations

1. For each observation find mean l₁ and mean l₂  and record in column 3c and 4c.
2. Find E₁/E₂ for each set, by dividing mean l₁  (column 3c) by mean l₂  (column 4c).
3. Find mean E₁/E₂ .  

Result

Precautions

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive poles of the battery E and cells E₁ and E₂  should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.’s of the either of the two
   cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance box before the jockey is moved along the wire.

Sources of error

1. Same as in previous experiments.
2. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
3. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material density throughout its length.
4. End resistances may not be zero.

Circulator is used to transmit the incident wave which entry from any port of its body to the next port, according to a certain direction confirmed by Static bias magnetic field. When a termination resistor is connected to the circulator, it will become an isolator. Generally, since there is an expression of making the circulator function as an isolator, sometimes the isolator and circulator can create confusion.

28

Bharat Me Kitne Rajya Hai 2020 (वर्तमान में भारत में कितने राज्य हैं और उनके नाम बताइए) – भारत अब 28 राज्यों और 9 केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों के साथ एक समृद्ध देश है।

इस देश के हर Rajya में अद्वितीय आकर्षण, अद्वितीय इतिहास और अद्वितीय संस्कृति है, जो इसे बाकी हिस्सों से अलग करती है। भारत के सभी राज्यों का पता लगाने की जरूरत है क्योंकि वे पर्यटन संभावनाओं का विस्तृत स्पेक्ट्रम प्रदान करते हैं।

• 2020 में देश में पूर्ण राज्यों की संख्या 29 से घटकर 28 हो गई है और
• केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों की संख्या 8 हो गई है 2020 में।

When an acid is treated with a metal oxide, a salt and water are obtained.
The general reaction can be written as follows:

Acid + Metal oxide → Salt + Water
 
For example, when a small amount of copper oxide is added to sulphuric acid,  colour of the solution becomes blue and the copper oxide dissolves. The blue colour of the solution indicates the formation of copper (II) sulphate.

The reaction taking place can be written as follows:
CuO(s) +  H₂SO₄(aq) → CuSO₄(aq) + H₂O(l)

Dialysis is an artificial process of getting rid of waste and unwanted water from the blood by dialysis machines. Dialysis machines contain a tank with solution of water glucose and salt. Patient’s blood allowed passing through solution for removal of waste. The cleaned blood pumped to vein. The dialysis continues till all blood has been purified.

“Planning is the process of making a sequence of work for a future line of action”

The success of Physical education programs depends upon efficient staffing, food, direction, proper control, well super vision, good co-ordination and minimize the chances of lapses.

Objectives of planning:

a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each other.

b. it also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

c. b. Reduce the chances of mistake

d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal

g. To reduce undue pressure

h.To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.

i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency.

k.To reduce the chances of mistakes.

l.To increase the creativity.

m.To enhance the sports performance.

n.To protect existing facilities.

o.Provide new facilities to meet demand.

p.Helps in decision making.

Fractions represent equal parts of a whole or a collection. 

Fraction of a whole: When we divide a whole into equal parts, each part is a fraction of the whole. 

Fraction of a collection: Fractions also represent parts of a set or collection. 

For example, 

There are total of 5 children.

3 out of 5 are girls. So, the fraction of girls is three-fifths ( ³⁄₅ ).

2 out of 5 are boys. So, the fraction of boys is two-fifths ( ²⁄₅ ).