Mr Braun was Albert's history teacher. He was grumpy and arrogant, believing that his method of teaching, of memorising dates and useless facts rather than ideas was the correct way to study. He is egotistic and does not care to listen to Albert's views on the matter of how to study. He is also short tempered, as he would not listen to Albert at all. 

1) the rule of tsar nicholas was very autocratic , people don't have any freedom and rights.
2) all the taxes were paid by the workers and the peasents.
3) the tsar built large empire which include many nationalities.tsar imposed russian language on them.

We need international organizations like the UN :

1. To resolve the conflicts and differences among the nations.
2. To prescribe rules, regulations, and mechanisms for cooperation to avoid mistrust and mismanagement.
3. To calculate the bias-free data of all the countries to get to know their condition and suggest some advices.

Bones at the elbow are joined by a hinge joint.

Anne wanted to write a diary because she was devoid of a single friend.

EVOLUTION OF THE UN

(i) The UN was founded as a successor to the League of Nations. It was established in 1945.
(ii) The UN was set up through the signing of the UN Charter by 51 Nations.
(iii) It was formed with the help that it would act to stop conflict and wars.

(iv) By 2006, UN had 192 members. These included almost all independent states.

The upward movement of water and dissolved mineral salts from roots upwards to the leaves and other aerial parts is called Ascent of Sap. (It is called the sap as it contains many dissolved minerals). This water is conducted upwards to the leaves through xylem. Ascent of sap involves root pressure and transpiration pull.

• The transmission of characters or traits from parents to their offspring (children) is termed as heredity.
• Genetics is the study of heredity and other variations.
• Those organisms that are identical copies of one another are termed as clones. They are exact carbon copies of each other.

Disadvantages of WTO

• However, the WTO has often been criticised for trade rules which are still unfavourable towards developing countries. Many developed countries went through a period of tariff protection; this enabled them to protect new, emerging domestic industries. Ha Joon Chang argues WTO trade rules are like 'pulling away the ladder they used themselves to climb up' (Kicking away the ladder at Amazon)
• Free trade may prevent developing economies develop their infant industries. For example, if a developing economy was trying to diversify their economy to develop a new manufacturing industry, they may be unable to do it without some tariff protection.
• WTO is being overshadowed by new TIPP trade deals. These deals are negotiated away from WTO and focuses mainly on US and EU. It excludes China, Russia, India, Brazil and South Africa. It threatens to diminish the global importance of WTO
• Difficulty of making progress. WTO trade deals have been quite difficult to form consensus. Various rounds have taken many years to slowly progress. It results in countries seeking alternatives such as TIPP or local bilateral deals.
• WTO trade deals still encompass a lot of protectionism in areas like agriculture. Protectionist tariffs which primarily benefit richer nations, such as the EU and US.
• WTO has implemented strong defense of TRIPs ‘Trade Related Intellectual Property’ rights These allow firms to implement patents and copyrights. In areas, such as life-saving drugs, it has raised the price and made it less affordable for developing countries.

Following are the objectives of WTO
(i) To ensure reduction of tariffs and other trade harriers imposed hy different countries.
(ii) To engage in such activities which improve the standards of living, create employment, increase income and effective demand and facilitate higher production and trade.
(iii) Facilitate the optimum use of world’s resources.
(iv) Promote an integrated more viable and durable trading system.

Functions of  WTO:

Facilitate international trade

• It facilitates international trade through the removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers.
• It provides greater market access to all member countries.

Formulation of rules 

• It establishes a rule-based trading regime, in which nations cannot place arbitrary restrictions on trade.

Protecting the interest of developing countries

• It frames fair global rules, regulations.
• It safeguards and advocates the interests of the developing world.

Three features of SEZ :
1. It is a duty free enclose which is treated as foreign territory.
2. Units of SEZ are exempted from routine examination of import and export by custom authorities.
3. Sub-contracting of production is allowed.

In ∆ABC , angle B=90° and D is a point on hypotenuse AC such that angle DBC

= angle DCB.

In,∆ABC. let angle ACB or DCB = x° , then angle BAC or BAD = 90°-x………..(1)

In. ∆ DBC angle DBC= angle DCB=x°………..(given)

But angle ABD+angle DBC =90°

or. angle ABD. = 90°-x°……………(2)

from eqn. (1) and (2)

angle BAD =angle ABD…….(In ∆ DAB opposite angles are equal ,then opposite

sides are also equal.)

Thus , side BD = side AD. Proved.

The various incentives and schemes provided by India are as follows :

1. Export Processing Zones : Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been set up to provide an internationally competitive duty free environment for export production. Infrastructural facilities are created in the zones to manufacture the products at lower cost. Customs clearance and facilities needed for financial transactions are also provided inside the zones. Import licence is not needed for import of capital goods, raw materials etc. The units located in the zones are expempted from payment of excise duty on capital goods and raw materials bought from the domestic market. 50% produce has been permitted for domestic sale at concessional rate of duty. There are 8 EPZs in India.

2. 100% Export Oriented Units : Export Oriented Units have been set up for the export of entire product expect those which are specially permitted to be sold in the domestic market. These units can be established any where in the country. They can avail of all benefits provided to the units in the EPZ.

3. Special Economic Zones : Special Economic Zones (SEZ) has been created to encourage free trade. It is a specially delineated duty free enclave. It is deemed to be foreign territory for the purpose of trade operations and duties and tariffs. Goods going into the SEZ area from Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) are treated as deemed exports. Goods coming from the SEZ area into DTA are treated as imported goods.

4. Export Houses, Trading Houses, Star Trading Houses and Super Star Trading Houses : Various categories of export houses have been recognized with a view to building marketing infrastructure and expertise required for export promotion. These houses are given national recognition so that they could make greater efforts for export promotion. They are required to operate as highly professional and dynamic institutions and act as an important instrument of export growth. The recognition is granted on the basis of the export performance of the firm.

5. Export of Services : In order to boost the export of services, various categories of service houses have been recognised. These houses are recognised on the basis of the export performance of the service providers. They are named as Service Export House, International Service Export House, International Star Service Export House, International Super Star Service Export House based on their export performance.

6. Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme : The main objective of this scheme is to encourage the import of capital goods for export promotion. New capital goods including computer software systems may be imported under this scheme. Under this provision, the capital goods may be imported at 5% customs duty. The import is subject to an export obligation equivalent to 5 times CIF value of capital goods on FOB basis or 4 times the CIF value of capital goods on net foreign exchange basis. This obligation may be fulfilled over a period of 8 years from the date of issuance of license.

It is a guarantee letter issued by the importer’s bank stating that it will honour the export bills to the bank of the exporter upto a certain amount.

Commercial Letter of Credit

This is a standard letter of credit that’s commonly used in international trade, and may also be referred to as a documentary credit or an import/export letter of credit. A bank acts as a neutral third party to release funds when all the conditions of the agreement have been met.

Standby Letter of Credit

This type of letter of credit is different: It provides payment if something fails to happen. Instead of facilitating a transaction, a standby letter of credit provides compensation when something goes wrong.

Back-to-Back Letters of Credit

A back to back letter of credit allows intermediaries to connect buyers and sellers

Bill of lading is a document wherein the shipping company gives its official receipt of the goods put on board its vessel and at the same time gives the undertaking to carry them to the port of destination. It is also a document of title of the goods and as such is freely transferable by the
endorsement and delivery.
Bill of entry contains information such as name and address of the importer, name of the ship, number of packages, marks on the package, description of goods, quantity and value of goods, name and address of the exporter, port of destination and customs duty payable.

Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years-with Austria, Denmark and France-ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.