प्राथमिक और द्वितीयक समंकों में एक अंतर बताइए। उत्तर : प्राथमिक समंकों के संकलन में धन, समय, श्रम व बुद्धि का प्रयोग करना पड़ता है जबकि द्वितीय समंकों को सिर्फ उद्धृत किया जाता है।

प्रत्यक्ष व्यक्तिगत अनुसंधान वह विधि है जिसमें अनुसंधानकर्ता स्वयं क्षेत्र में जाकर सूचना देने वालों से प्रत्यक्ष तथा सीधा संपर्क स्थापित करता है और आंकड़े एकत्रित करता है। इस विधि की सफलता के लिए आवश्यक है कि अनुसंधानकर्ता को मेहनती, व्यवहार-कुशल, निष्पक्ष और धैर्यवान होना चाहिए। उसे सूचना देने वाले की भाषा रहन-सहन, रीति-रिवाज, संस्कृति आदि का भी ज्ञान होना चाहिए। उदाहरण के लिए गांव की साक्षरता की दर ज्ञात करने के लिए यदि अनुसंधानकर्ता गांव के प्रत्येक परिवार से मिलकर सूचना एकत्रित करता है तो यह प्रत्यक्ष व्यक्तिगत अनुसंधान कहलाता है।
उपयुक्तता (Suitability)
यह विधि ऐसे अनुसंधानों के लिए उपयुक्त है-
1-जिनका क्षेत्र सीमित है।
2-आंकड़ों की मौलिकता अधिक जरूरी है।
3-जहां आंकड़ों को गुप्त रखना हो।
4-जहां आंकड़ों की शुद्धता अधिक महत्वपूर्ण है।
5-सूचना देने वालों से सीधा संपर्क करना आवश्यक हो।
प्रत्यक्ष व्यक्तिगत अनुसंधान विधि के गुण
1-इस विधि द्वारा संकलित आंकड़े मौलिक होते हैं।
2-इस विधि से प्राप्त आंकड़ों में शुद्धता होती है क्योंकि अनुसंधानकर्ता स्वयं आंकड़ों को एकत्रित करता है।
3-इस विधि द्वारा प्राप्त जानकारी पर पूर्ण रुप से विश्वास किया जा सकता है।
4-इस विधि द्वारा मुख्य सूचना के अतिरिक्त और भी कई उपयोगी सूचनाएं प्राप्त हो जाती हैं।
5-इस विधि द्वारा आंकड़ों में एकरूपता पर्याप्त मात्रा में पाई जाती है क्योंकि आंकड़े एक ही व्यक्ति द्वारा संकलित किए जाते हैं।
6- यह विधि लोचशील होती हैं। क्योंकि अनुसंधानकर्ता आवश्यकतानुसार प्रश्नों को कम या ज्यादा कर सकता है।
प्रत्यक्ष व्यक्तिगत अनुसंधान विधि के दोष
1-यह विधि अनुसंधान के बड़े क्षेत्र के लिए अनुपयुक्त है।
2-इस विधि में अनुसंधानकर्ता के व्यक्तिगत पक्षपात के कारण परिणामों के दोषपूर्ण होने का डर बना रहता है।
3-इस विधि में धन अधिक खर्च होता है तथा श्रम भी अधिक करना पड़ता है।
4-इस विधि में अनुसंधान सीमित क्षेत्र में ही किया जाता किया जाना संभव होता है। इसलिए प्राप्त परिणाम क्षेत्र की सारी विशेषताओं को प्रकट करने में असमर्थ होता है। इस कारण गलत निष्कर्ष निकल सकते हैं।

‘बेरोजगार उस व्यक्ति को कहा जाता है जो कि बाजार में प्रचलित मजदूरी दर पर काम तो करना चाहता है लेकिन उसे काम नही मिल पा रहा है.’
बेरोजगारी की परिभाषा हर देश में अलग अलग होती है. जैसे अमेरिका में यदि किसी व्यक्ति को उसकी क्वालिफिकेशन के हिसाब से नौकरी नही मिलती है तो उसे बेरोजगार माना जाता है.

कृषि विपणन प्रक्रिया की निम्नलिखित बाधाएँ हैं

1. तोल में हेरा-फेरी।
2. खातों में गड़बड़ी।
3. बाजार में प्रचलित भावों का पता न होना।
4. अच्छी भण्डारण सुविधाओं का अभाव।
5. किसानों में जागरूकता का अभाव।
6. किसानों की आय का निम्न स्तर।।
7. साख विस्तार का अभाव।

The dental formula represents the arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and the lower jaw. The entire formula is multiplied by two to represent the total number of teeth.

The dental formula for milk teeth in humans is:

Each half of the upper jaw and the lower jaw has 2 incisors, 1 canine, and 2 molars. Premolars are absent in milk teeth  hence the zero.

The dental formula for permanent teeth in humans is: 

Each half of the upper jaw and the lower jaw has 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars. An adult human has 32 permanent teeth.

विभिन्न अर्थशास्त्रियों ने आर्थिक नियोजन को इस प्रकार परिभाषित किया है-

1. श्रीमती बारबरा बूटन के अनुसार-“आयोजन का अर्थ है एक सार्वजनिक सत्ता द्वारा विचारपूर्वक तथा जानबूझ कर आर्थिक प्राथमिकता के बीच चुनाव करना।”
2. डाल्टन के अनुसार-“आर्थिक नियाजेन अपने विस्तृत अर्थ में विशाल साधनों के सरंक्षक व्यक्तियों के द्वारा निश्चित उद्देश्यों की प्राप्ति के लिए आथिर्क क्रियाओं का इच्छित निर्देशन है।”
3. रॉबिन्स के अनुसार-“योजना बनाने का अर्थ है उद्देश्य बनाकर कार्य करना, चुनाव या निर्माण करना और निर्णय सभी आथिर्क क्रियाओं का निचोड है।”
4. गुन्नार मिर्डल के अनुसार-“आर्थिक नियोजन राष्ट्रीय सरकार की व्यूह-रचना का एक कार्यक्रम है, जिसमें बाजार की शक्तियों के साथ-साथ सरकारी हस्तक्षपे द्वारा सामाजिक क्रिया को ऊपर ले जाने के प्रयास किये जाते है।“

प्रकृति में ऊर्जा कई अलग अलग रूपों में मौजूद है। इन के उदाहरण हैं: प्रकाश ऊर्जा, यांत्रिक ऊर्जा, गुरुत्वाकर्षण ऊर्जा, विद्युत ऊर्जा, ध्वनि ऊर्जा, रसायनिक ऊर्जा और परमाणु ऊर्जा। प्रत्येक ऊर्जा को एक अन्य रूप में परिवर्तित या बदला जा सकता है।

F= GMm​/R²

 If one mass say, m is doubled, then force is

F′= 2GMm​/ R² ==2F the force gets doubled.

The pharynx is a five-inch long tube that starts near our nose and ends at our windpipe.

The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It is also important in vocalization.

The full form of PPT is PowerPoint Presentation.
It is a presentation program and is one of the many programs that the Microsoft runs under Microsoft Office.

Calcination is the process of heating the ore below its melting point an absence of air to remove volatile impurities like arsenic etc.

• The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the associated glands.

Alimentary canal 

• The alimentary canal begins with an anterior opening – the mouth, and it opens out posteriorly through the ****.
• The mouth leads to the buccal cavity or oral cavity, which has a number of teeth and a muscular tongue and each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone with a type of attachment called as thecodont.
• A set of temporary milk or deciduous teeth is replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth, and the type of dentition is called diphyodont.
• An adult human has 32 permanent teeth, which are of four different types
• incisors (I)
• canine (C)
• premolars (PM)
• and molars (M).
• Arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw in the order I, C, PM, M is represented by a dental formula which in human is 2123/2123.
• The tongue is a freely movable muscular organ attached to the floor of the oral cavity by the frenulum, and the upper surface of the tongue has small projections called papillae, some of which bear taste buds.
• The oesophagus and the trachea open into the pharynx.
• A cartilaginous flap called epiglottis prevents the entry of food into the glottis, which is the opening of the wind pipe.
• The oesophagus is a thin, long tube which extends posteriorly passing through the neck, thorax and diaphragm and leads to a ‘J’ shaped bag like structure called stomach.
• The stomach has three major parts
• a cardiac portion into which the oesophagus opens
• a fundic region
• a pyloric portion which opens into the first part of small intestine.
• Small intestine is distinguishable into three regions
• a ‘U’ shaped duodenum
• a long coiled middle portion jejunum
• a highly coiled ileum.
• The opening of the stomach into the duodenum is guarded by the pyloric sphincter.
• Ileum consists of
• caecum
• colon
•  
• Caecum is a small blind sac from which a vestigial organ called vermiform appendix
• The colon is divided into three parts
• an ascending
• a transverse
• a descending part.
• The descending part opens into the rectum which opens out through the ****.
• The wall of alimentary canal from oesophagus to rectum possesses four layers
• Serosa
• muscularis
• sub-mucosa
•  
• Serosa is the outermost layer and is made up of a thin mesothelium and some connective tissues.
• Muscularis is formed by smooth muscles usually arranged into an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer.
• The submucosal layer is formed of loose connective tissues.
• Mucosa is the innermost layer which forms rugae in the stomach and small finger-like foldings called villi in the small intestine.
• The cells lining the villi produce numerous microscopic projections called microvilli giving a brush border appearance.
• Villi are supplied with a network of capillaries and a large lymph vessel called the lacteal.
• Mucosal epithelium has goblet cells which secrete mucus that help in lubrication.
• Mucosa forms gastric glands in the stomach crypts of Lieberkuhn in different parts of the alimentary canal.

The painting titled 'RADHA (BANI-THANI)' was painted by Nihal Chand in 1780 A.D. The painting done in Water colour on paper using the Tempara Technique has been attributed to the Kishangarh-Sub School of the Rajasthani Miniature painting.

The idea of nationalism spread across other Europeans countries. Nationalism came to be seen in a liberal light. Meaning, the middle class came to hate the aristocracy and absolute monarchies and wanted a popularly elected government in power.

In the economic sphere, they wanted a free market with no government interference with heavy customs duties. Earlier, there was a scattered group of states but now, they popularly wanted a common economic zone.

Return to Conservative Nationalism

After the death of Napoleon, nationalism came to be attached to more conservative ideas. The rulers of nations like Russia, Belgium, Austria and France used modernisation to return to conservative rule. Highly strict laws, a strong army and bureaucracy, etc. would now set up authoritarian regimes.

Unification by Revolutionaries

As a reaction to the autocratic conservatives, there grew a huge force of revolutionaries who still lived with the spirit of liberalism. They created underground societies and clubs and wanted a revolution to unite provinces into democratic nation states. This, along with romanticism and economic hardship created the perfect background for the unification of states and Germany, Italy, Greece and several other European ultimately became nation-states.

Imperialism and Nationalism

After the rise of nationalism culminated into the making of nation-states, these countries competing with one another even more and led to the rise of imperialism. Hence, this was a dangerous occurrence as it led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914.

Given  C.P of first fan = Rs 1200
He sold the fan at a loss of 5%
⇒ Loss on first fan= 5% of 1200
             = 5/100*1200
             = Rs 60  
S.P of fan = C.P - loss
                 = 1200 -60
                 = Rs 1140

C.P of 2nd fan = Rs 1200
He sold at a profit of 10%
profit of second fan= 10% of 1200
          = 10/100*1200
          = Rs 120
S.P of 2nd fan = profit + C.P
                         = 1200+120
                         =   Rs 1320

Total cost price of two fans = 1200 + 1200 = Rs 2400
Total S.P of 2 fans = 1320+1140 = Rs 2460
Since S.P > C.P
He got profit on whole
profit = S.P - C.P
          = 2460 - 2400
          = Rs 60
Profit% = profit/C.P * 100
             = 60/2400 * 100
             = 2.5% profit on whole

Kareena has rupees 20 with her.

She bought a chocolate for peace 8.40 and a pencil for rupees 1.20.

Total amount spent = 8.40 + 1.20 = 9.60

The balance amount left with Kareena = 20 - 9.60  = 10.40

Force movie is a contemporary action romance and a Hindi reinterpretation of the Tamil blockbuster, ‘Kaakha Kaakha’, which achieved widespread popularity among audiences and critics alike.

At the heart of the action-love story is a renegade cop, played by John Abraham, in relentless pursuit of a ruthless, underworld gangster. He believes that the only way to eradicate crime is to give criminals the bullet – not hand cuffs. Sharing screen space with John is one of the most vivacious and exuberant talents, as Genelia D’Souza plays John’s love interest.

The seat-grabbing suspense is perfectly balanced with passionate romance and a melodious soundtrack, masterfully composed by one of the leading Indian music composers, Harris Jayaraj.

Yashvardhan is a hardheaded senior narcotics officer who doesn’t play by the book but always ensures that justice is served. In the midst of his most dangerous and significant operation to crack down on India’s drug cartels, Yashvardhan encounters a ruthless enemy who will stop at nothing until he gets his revenge for the damage done to his business by the narcotics team.

He also meets the free-spirited Maya, whose love pushes him to make a choice between the life he already knows and the life he could have with her. Yashvardhan’s decision to let happiness and normalcy into his life changes his life forever.

The marked price of the sofa = Rs. 6000

Discount% = 10%

We know the formula as:

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get

∴ S.P. of the sofa = 

Gain% = 8%

Also, we know the formula as:

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get

∴ C.P. of the sofa = 

Thus, the actual cost of the sofa is → Rs. 5000.

Key concepts in nutshell

• Buildings of Sanchi Kannakkheda are the most wonderful ancient buildings in the state of Bhopal.
• Buddhist, Jaina and Brahamanical text, monument and inscription are the some of the important historical sources of the age of C 600 BCE-600CE, which help in reconstructing Indian history.
• Many was provided by rulers of Bhopal, Shahjahan Begum and her successor Sultan Jahan Begum to preserved the ancient sites.
• The Rigveda is a collection of hymns, praise of many deities like Agni, Indra, Soma etc.
• The basic philosophy of Jainism already existed in north India even before the birth of vardhamana Mahavira.
• Tha Bhuddha was the most influential teachers of his times.
• Two traditions were including in modern Hinduism – Vaishnavism and Shaivism.

The story Nina and The Baby Sparrows is about a kid Nina who is concerned about two baby sparrows in her room. She does not want to leave her home as it would require to lock the doors and windows. This would prevent the baby sparrows from being fed. Read the story to know how Nina’s mother suggests a good resolution for this issue.