• Under article 352, if the president is satisfied that there exists a grave situation, wherein the security of the country is threatened on the grounds of wars, external aggression or armed rebellion, he can proclaim emergency to that effect.
• Emergency can be declared over the complete territory of India or any part thereof.
• President can declare emergency only on the written advice of the cabinet
• A special majority is required to approve an emergency resolution.
• Once approved, emergency shall operate for a maximum period of not more than six months.
• Lok Sabha has the power to disapprove the operation of national emergency at any time, if not less than 1/10th members of Lok Sabha in writing to the speaker, if house is in session, or to the president, then speaker or president as the case may be, shall convene a special session of Lok Sabha within 14 days and if such a resolution is passed, president shall revoke national emergency.

NITI Aayog aims to achieve the following Objectives:

1. To design strategic long term policy and programs.

2. To foster Cooperative federalism by involving states in the policy formulation.

Syndicate was the group of powerful leaders in the Congress Party. Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi were made Prime Minister with the support received from the Syndicate. This group had a decisive say in Indira Gandhi’s first cabinet and in policy formulation and implementation of the government. After the split in the Congress, the leaders of the Syndicate stayed with the Congress (O) but were defeated n the subsequent General Elections. 

Most of the mainstream media newspapers and magazines were under the wrath of Emergency. The scissors of censors cut through big publishers like Himmat, Janata, Frontier, Sadhana, Swarajya among many others. Some were threatened to be thrown out of publications and others were put in jail.

• The space or region around a magnet within which its influence can be felt by another magnet is called magnetic field.
• Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines around the magnet. The magnitude of a field is indicated by its line's density. Near to South and North Pole of a magnet, the magnetic field is stronger and will get weaker when it moves away from the poles.

Shade is what you get in the shadow of a tree -- i.e., you're being sheltered from the sun. It is cooler and darker in the shade provided by the tree's shadow. The tree has a shadow, and that shadow offers shade.

A shadow can have a shape, whereas shade can't. Unless, of course, you mean the other definition of shade, meaning a ghost or specter.

Supreme Court is at the top-level. The decisions made by the Supreme Court are binding on all other courts in India. It is located in New Delhi.

Option now mention

The agro-based industries depend on agriculture for raw materials and sell their products such as fertilisers, insecticides, irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc to the farmers.

The industrial sector provides employment to the excess labour (labours who are actually disguised unemployed) in the agriculture sector.

Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made production process very efficient.

Thus, it can be concluded the agriculture and industy move hand-in-hand.

Which of the following object is generally electroplated?

1. Plough
2. Cycle handle
3. Car engine
4. Frying pan

Cycle handle

Nelson Mandela pledged to uphold the constitution of his country and devote himself to liberate his people from the bondage of poverty,deprivation,suffering,gender and other discriminations. There would be freedom and justice for all.

The AVERAGE function will average cells that contain numbers. Its syntax is:
    =AVERAGE(value1, value2,...value30).
The arguments (e.g. value1) can be cell references, or values typed into the AVERAGE formula.

The following AVERAGE function example uses one argument -- a reference to cells A1:A5.

1. Enter the sample data on your worksheet
2. In cell A7, enter an AVERAGE formula, to average the numbers in column A:   =AVERAGE(A1:A5)  

   

3. Press the Enter key, to complete the formula.
4. The result will be 21.83, the average of the cells that contain numbers.
   Cell A1 isn't included in the average, because it contains text, and the empty cell C3, is ignored.

1. Fetch: Each instruction is stored in memory and has its own address. The processor takes this address number from the program counter, which is responsible for tracking which instructions the CPU should execute next.
2. Decode: All programs to be executed are translated to into Assembly instructions. Assembly code must be decoded into binary instructions, which are understandable to your CPU. This step is called decoding.
3. Execute: While executing instructions the CPU can do one of three things: Do calculations with its ALU, move data from one memory location to another, or jump to a different address.
4. Store: The CPU must give feedback after executing an instruction, and the output data is written to the memory.

एक देश क धरती वारा भेजा गया सदं ेश दसू रेदेश क धरती तक कैसे पह ु ंचता है?

Ans फूलों द्वारा

Democracy better than any other form of government because:

• A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government.
• Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making
• Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts
• Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes
• It is an accountable and legitimate form of the government
• It promotes equality among citizens
• It enhances the dignity of the citizens.

False;

Primary memory volatile memory meaning data cannot be retained in case of power failure.

Secondary memory a non-volatile memory so that that data can be retained even after power failure.

Antigens are large molecules of proteins, present on the surface of the pathogen- such as bacteria, fungi viruses, and other foreign particles. When these harmful agents enter the body, it induces an immune response in the body for the production of antibodies.

For example: When a common cold virus enters the body, it causes the body to produce antibodies to prevent from getting sick.

Doing Sociology: Research Methods class 11 Notes Sociology

• Sociological research can provide explanations for issues that affect us both as individuals and as members of larger groups.
• It can help us to make the links between personal troubles and public issues, understanding, for example, how your social background can affect your educational attainment and why people in some countries die from diseases that have long since been eradicated in other parts of the world, etc.
• People hold a vast range of views on social issues, such as why certain people become criminals, why women are massively underrepresented in positions of power in the political and business world, and why fewer people attend religious services now than in the past.
• The findings of sociological research should help lessen the misconceptions and prejudices that often form the basis of commonsense views on many important social issues.
• Sociological research produces facts, knowledge, ideas, etc. Each of these has a particular meaning but can be seen as dimensions of a larger concept that is ‘evidence’. Evidence can be referred to as information that supports a statement. It can also be seen as a form of knowledge derived from various sources. Thus, sociological knowledge is derived from research.

Steps in Research Process

1. Selecting a topic and defining a problem: It relates to what a sociologist wants to know about. The selection may depend on the sociologist’s personal interest, relevance and even availability of funds.
   The selected topic is defined in the form of a problem/a puzzle/question. This puzzle represents a gap in knowledge or understanding. For example, within the topic a lot of research questions can be framed, how far does the economic position of women lag behind that of men or does education lead to better *** ratio etc.
2. Review of secondary literature: Here the sociologist familiarises himself/herself with existing literature on that topic. This literature could be in the form of books, journals, studies, newspaper articles etc. It helps the researcher sharpen his own research questions and also helps in making his own research questionnaire as well as the interview questions.
3. Formulating the hypothesis: Hypothesis is an educated guess about what is going on. The hypothesis tries to answer the research questions before the data collection on the basis of the secondary review of literature. The factual material gathered will provide evidence either supporting or disapproving the hypothesis.
4. Choosing the research method: Any one or a combination of one or more research methods can be used. There are a number of research methods and techniques of data collection such as surveys, observation, case study and interview. The choice of research method or technique depends on a number of factors:
   (a) The nature of research question being asked.
   (b) The time and resources available to researcher.
   (c) Size of community that needs to be studied.
   (d) Preferences of the researcher while some researchers are more comfortable with statistical method and others are more comfortable with anthropological method.
5. Collecting the data and recording the information: The data that is collected needs to be both valid and reliable. It should be valid to the problem that the researcher seeks to find answer for.
6. Analysing the result: It is at this step that the hypothesis is tested. Analysis of the result requires specific technique ranging from statistical analysis to content analysis.
7. Sharing the result: The final report is written or published and shared with other social scientists. This stimulates ideas for further research.

Methodological issues in social research

Objectivity

• It is difficult to be objective because human world cannot be studied in isolation. Human beings may develop bias views and influence the thinking about the group as being a part of it.
• The researcher who carries the research will also have his/her own values and prejudices about the social context they are studying and this may present as difficulty while gathering objective information.
• Since the problem of objectivity cannot be eliminated, a social researcher should try and reduce the problem of objectivity in the following ways:

1. By rigorously and continuously examining one’s own idea and feelings about the subject of research.
2. Through reflexivity: By taking an outsider’s perspective on the work and looking at the research through the eyes of others.
3. By consciously adopting the views of those who are the subjects of research.
4. Making a careful documentation of what one is doing, all procedures undertaken and formal citing of all sources of evidence
5. Objectivityshouldbeapproachedasthegoalofacontinuousongoingprocessandnotasan already achieved end result.