CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Political Science 2025

CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Political Science 2025

Prepare for the CBSE Class 12 Political Science 2025 exam with free sample papers available on the myCBSEguide app and Examin8 app. These sample papers are designed to help students understand the exam pattern, improve problem-solving skills, and boost exam readiness. Each CBSE Class 12 Political Science 2025 sample paper comes with 100% solved questions, a detailed marking scheme, and an accurate blueprint for the exam. This comprehensive resource allows students to practice efficiently and focus on areas that need improvement. By practicing with these sample papers, students can familiarize themselves with the CBSE Political Science exam format and confidently approach their board exams. Download the myCBSEguide app now and get started with your CBSE Class 12 Political Science 2025 preparation!

Sample paper of Political Science Class 12 – in PDF

The CBSE Class 12 Political Science 2025 sample papers are now available for free download on the myCBSEguide app and website. With the new CBSE marking scheme and blueprint for the 2025 board exams released, students can now access sample papers in PDF format that include solved questions, a detailed marking scheme, and an exam blueprint.

These Class 12 Political Science sample papers are designed to help students prepare for the upcoming CBSE board exams. By practicing these sample papers, students can familiarize themselves with the exam format and structure, ultimately improving their time management and problem-solving skills. The solutions provided for each sample paper also make it easier for students to understand how to approach different types of questions.

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Sample Papers of Class 12 Political Science 2025 – With Solution

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CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Political Science 2025

myCBSEguide provides CBSE class 12 Board Sample Papers of Political Science for the year 2025 with solutions in PDF format for free download. The CBSE Sample Papers for all – NCERT books and based on CBSE latest syllabus must be downloaded and practiced by students. Class 12 Political Science New Sample Papers follow the blueprint of that year only. Students must check the latest syllabus and marking scheme. Sample papers for class 12 Political Science and other subjects are available for download as PDFs in the app too.

Class 12 – Political Science
Sample Paper – 01 (2024-25)

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Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

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General Instructions:

1. The question paper consists of five sections (A, B, C, D and E) with 30 questions in total.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. Question numbers 1-12 are multiple choice questions of one mark each.
4. Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 50-60 words each.
5. Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 100-120 words each. There is an internal choice in two of the 4 marks questions
6. Question numbers 24-26 are passage, cartoon and map-based questions. Answer accordingly.
7. Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 170-180 words.
8. There is an internal choice in 6 marks questions.

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1. SECTION – A (12 MARKS)
2. Arrange in chronological order:
   1. Establishment of Human Rights Council
   2. Yalta Association
   3. Atlantic Charter
   4. India took part in United Nations

   a)(ii), (iii), (iv), (i)

   b)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

   c)(ii), (iv), (i), (iii)

   d)(iii), (ii), (iv), (i)

3. The Socialist model of development was related to:

   a)USSR

   b)Pakistan

   c)Europe

   d)The U.S.A.

4. The first three Lok Sabha elections of 1952, 1957, and 1962 were dominated by the Congress Party under the leadership of:

   a)Indira Gandhi

   b)Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

   c)Mahatma Gandhi

   d)Jawaharlal Nehru

5. Planning Commission was set up by ________.

   a)President of India

   b)a resolution of Government of India

   c)Constitution of India

   d)the Constituent Assembly

6. Match List I with List II regarding globalization.
   

   List-1	List-2
   (a) IMF	(i) Ensure social and economics justice to labours
   (b) WTO	(ii) Public health agency
   (c) WHO	(iii) Financial agency
   (d) ILO	(iv) Governs trade between governments

   a)(a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)

   b)(a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

   c)(a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

   d)(a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)

7. Assertion (A): The ruler of Travancore decided to remain independent and Nizam of Hyderabad made a similar announcement the next day.
   Reason (R): With the end of British rule in India, the paramountcy of the British crown over princely rulers also came to an end.

   a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

   b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

   c)A is true but R is false.

   d)A is false but R is true.

8. India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 under the leadership of

   a)Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

   b)Jawaharlal Nehru

   c)Dr. Radha Krishnan

   d)Rajendra Prasad

9. In which year first general election was held in India?

   a)1960

   b)1952

   c)1947

   d)1955

10. Who was first top-level leader (external affairs minister) to visit China in 1979?

    a)Sardar Vallabhai Patel

    b)Atal Bihari Vajpayee

    c)Lal Krishna Advani

    d)S. Jaishankar

11. Assertion (A): In 1990s, the economy of Russia was ruined completely.
    Reason (R): More than 90% of the industries were sold to private companies at throwaway prices.

    a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

    b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

    c)A is true but R is false.

    d)A is false but R is true.

12. Who among the following was the main leader of Dravid Movement?

    a)C. Annadurai

    b)E.V. Ramaswami Naicker

    c)K. Karunanidhi

    d)K. Kamraj

13. In the political field, Pakistan lacks

    a)A strong human rights movement

    b)Genuine international support for democracy

    c)Educated leaders

    d)A courageous and relatively free press

14. SECTION- B (12 MARKS)
15. Explain in brief any four components of India’s security strategy.
16. Assess any two advantages of coalition governments at the Centre.
17. How can we protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to environment?
18. Which political party formed the first non-Congress government in any State of India?
19. Suggest any two measures to have good relations with Pakistan.
20. Bharatiya Jana Sangh was different from other parties in terms of ideology and programmes. Validate the statement by giving two relevant arguments.Prepare effectively for your exams by downloading the myCBSEguide.com app today! This app offers complete study material for CBSE, NCERT, JEE (Main), NEET-UG, and NDA exams, including practice questions, solved papers, and detailed solutions. Whether you’re preparing for school exams or competitive entrance tests, myCBSEguide Website and myCBSEGuide app is your one-stop solution to boost your exam readiness.

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21. SECTION-C (20 MARKS)
22. Assess the process of confidence building with the help of examples. How does it function as a means of avoiding violence and war?
23. Describe any four criteria that have been proposed in recent years for new permanent and non-permanent members of the U.N. Security Council.
24. Define indigenous population. Highlight problems of such people.

    OR

    Explain the steps taken by Governments of India to curb the emission of greenhouse gases.

25. Examine any four arguments against globalisation that have emerged from all over the globe.

    OR

    Give four reasons due to which Globalization was resisted.

26. Why did the movement for secession in the Mizo hills area gain popular support? How was the problem resolved?
27. SECTION-D (12 MARKS)
    1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
       Study the given cartoon:
       

       1. The given cartoon is related to which country?

          a) Nepal
          b) India
          c) Sri Lanka
          d) Pakistan

       2. The tiger in the given cartoon represents LTTE. Who belonged to this group?

          a) Tamil militants
          b) Khalistani militants
          c) Sinhala hardliner
          d) Kashmiri militants

       3. What was the main demand of LTTE?

          a) Telugu State
          b) Reservations
          c) Sinhalese Eelam
          d) Tamil Eelam

       4. The international actors, particularly the ________ countries tried to bring the warring groups of this country back to negotiations.

          a) European
          b) Scandinavian
          c) Western
          d) South-Asian

28. In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A) (B) (C) and (D). Identify these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book, along with their respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the following formate:-
    1. The State was carved out of Assam in 1972.
    2. The State where the Communist Party of India formed its Government in 1957.
    3. The states where the MKSS demanded records for famine relief and accounts of labors.
    4. The state where the Sardar Sarovar dam is located.

    

29. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: (1+1+2)
    Just before Independence, it was announced by the British that with the end of their rule over India, the paramountcy of the British crown over the Princely States would also lapse. This meant that all these states, as many as 565 in all, would become legally independent. The British government took the view that all these states were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent if they so wished. This decision was left not to the people but to the princely rulers of these states. This was a very serious problem and could threaten the very existence of a united India. The problems started very soon. First of all, the ruler of Travancore announced that the state had decided on Independence. The Nizam of Hyderabad made a similar announcement the next day. Rulers like the Nawab of Bhopal were averse to joining the Constituent Assembly.
    1. How many princely states were there in India at the time of independence?
       1. 336
       2. 436
       3. 565
       4. 665
    2. What was the ruler of Hyderabad was popularly referred to as?
       1. Nizam
       2. Maharaja
       3. Tipu
       4. Iron Man
    3. What challenges did the lapse of British paramountcy pose to the unity of India just before Independence, and how did some princely states respond?
30. SECTION-E (24 MARKS)
31. Examine India’s relationship with the former Soviet Union during the Cold War.

    OR

    Explain five features of the Soviet System.

32. Why is the EU considered a highly influential regional organisation in the economic, political and military fields?

    OR

    Discuss Indo-China relations.

33. Write an essay on caste oppressions and socio-economic inequalities among backward classes.

    OR

    What was Mandal Commission 7? Did it try to solve the problems of other Backward classes? State any two arguments in support of your answer?

34. Write a brief note on the students’ agitation in Bihar in 1974.

    OR

    Why was an emergency declared in India on 25th June 1975? How far was the imposition of this emergency justified? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments.

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Class 12 – Political Science
Sample Paper – 01 (2024-25)

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Solution

1. SECTION – A (12 MARKS)
2. (d)

   (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)

   Explanation: (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)

3. (a)

   USSR

   Explanation: On the eve of Independence, India had before it, two models of modern development: the liberal-capitalist model as in much of Europe and the US and the socialist model as in the USSR.

4. (d)

   Jawaharlal Nehru

   Explanation: The most popular and charismatic leader the Congress party had in Indian politics was Jawaharlal Nehru. He led the Congress campaign and toured through the country. He led the Congress throughout the first three Lok Sabha. The victory in the first general election of 1952 was evident because Congress had inherited the legacy of the national movement. In the second and the third general elections, held in 1957 and 1962 respectively, the Congress maintained the same position in the Lok Sabha by winning three-fourth of the seats.

5. (b)

   a resolution of Government of India

   Explanation: a resolution of Government of India

6. (c)

   (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

   Explanation: (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

7. (a)

   Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

   Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

8. (b)

   Jawaharlal Nehru

   Explanation: Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Jawaharlal Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947, five months ahead of attaining its independence.

9. (b)

   1952

   Explanation: 1952

10. (b)

    Atal Bihari Vajpayee

    Explanation: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

11. (a)

    Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

    Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

12. (b)

    E.V. Ramaswami Naicker

    Explanation: E.V. Ramaswami Naicker

13. (b)

    Genuine international support for democracy

    Explanation: The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged the military to continue its dominance. The United States and other Western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule in the past, for their own reasons.

14. SECTION- B (12 MARKS)
15. The components of India’s security strategy:
    1.  Strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours.
    2.  Strengthening international norms and international institutions to protect their interests.
    3.  The third component of Indian security is geared towards meeting security challenges within the country.
    4.  There has been an attempt in India to developed its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.
16. Advantages of coalition government-
    1. It gives an opportunity to regional parties to become a part of government at the centre.
    2. Addresses the regional aspirations effectively.
    3. It saves time and money.
    4. On many crucial issues, a broad agreement emerges among the coalition government.
    5. It emphasizes pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement.
17. We can protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to the environment through :
    1. Institutional safeguards like rules and regulation.
    2. Creating a social security net.
    3. They must be allowed to have free access to as much land as they could cultivate.
    4. The governments should accept the existence of indigenous people as enduring communities with an identity of their own.
18. The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (now part of the Bharatiya Janata Party, BJP) formed the first non-Congress government in India. This government was established in the state of Himachal Pradesh in 1977.
19. Two measures to have good relations with Pakistan are as follows:
    1. Economic relations should be consolidated. Both countries should improve relations in trade and commerce.
    2. Cultural delegates from both countries must visit each other frequently. Cultural give and take relationship should be appreciated.
20. Bhartiya Jana Sangh was different from other parties in terms of ideology and programmes-
    Two Arguments
    1. It emphasised the idea of one country, one culture and one nation.
    2. It believed that India could become modern, progressive and strong on the basis of Indian cultural and tradition.
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21. SECTION-C (20 MARKS)
22. Confidence building involves creating trust and reducing tensions between parties to prevent conflicts and promote stability. It functions as a means of avoiding violence and war through various mechanisms:
    1. Dialogue and Communication:
       • Example: The Helsinki Accords (1975) included agreements between Eastern and Western blocs to improve communication and cooperation, reducing the risk of misunderstandings and conflicts during the Cold War.
       • Function: Regular dialogue helps clarify intentions, address grievances, and find common ground, reducing the likelihood of escalation.
    2. Transparency and Information Sharing:
       • Example: The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) between the U.S. and USSR involved mutual inspections and data sharing on nuclear arsenals, building trust and verifying compliance.
       • Function: Transparency helps to dispel fears of hidden threats and builds confidence in mutual commitments, minimizing the chances of an arms race or surprise attacks.
    3. Joint Initiatives and Cooperation:
       • Example: The European Union’s integration process, including economic cooperation and political dialogue, helped prevent conflicts in post-WWII Europe by fostering interdependence and shared interests.
       • Function: Collaborative projects and economic ties create mutual benefits and interdependencies, making conflict less attractive and promoting peaceful resolutions.
    4. Conflict Resolution Mechanisms:
       • Example: The Camp David Accords (1978) facilitated peace between Egypt and Israel, involving negotiations and mutual concessions to resolve longstanding disputes.
       • Function: Structured resolution mechanisms provide formal processes for addressing conflicts and disputes, offering peaceful alternatives to violence.

    In short, confidence building is a process designed to ensure that rivals do not go to war through misunderstanding or mis-perception.

23. To be a new member following criteria should be fulfilled:
    1. It should be a major economic power.
    2. Population of the nation should be high.
    3. It should contribute substantially to the UN budget.
    4. Nation should respect human rights and democracy.
    5. It should be a major military power.
    6. The inclusion of that country should make the security council look more vivid in terms of geography, economic systems and culture.
24. The UN defines indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them. The following problems are faced by such people:
    1. They lost their lands which belonged to them form long time. The indigenous people used the phrase “Since times immemorial” refers to their continued occupancy of the lands from which they originate.
    2. The loss of land, which also means the loss of an economic resource base, is the most obvious threat to the survival of indigenous people.
    3. Issues related to the rights of the indigenous communities have also been neglected in domestic and international politics for long.
    4. The rights of the indigenous people have been neglected in domestic and international politics.

    OR

    The Indian government is participating in global efforts through a number of programmes. The steps taken by Government of India to curb the emission of greenhouse gases are :

    1. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in the year 2002.
    2. India’s National Auto-fuel policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles.
    3. The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency.
    4. Electricity Act, 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.
    5. Recent trends in importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies show that India is making real efforts.
    6. India is also keen to launch a national mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million hectares of land to produce biodiesel by 2011-12.
    • Economic Inequality:
      Critics on the left argue that globalization represents a phase of global capitalism that increases wealth inequality, making the rich richer and the poor poorer. The weakening of the state reduces its ability to protect the interests of the poor.
    • Weakening of State Sovereignty:
      Both left and right critics fear that globalization weakens the state’s capacity to govern effectively and protect its citizens’ interests, leading to reduced state sovereignty.
    • Economic Protectionism:
      Critics on the right advocate for a return to self-reliance and protectionism, especially in certain economic sectors, to safeguard national interests.
    • Cultural Erosion:
      Cultural critics worry that globalization harms traditional cultures, leading to a loss of age-old values and ways of life as global influences overshadow local customs.

25. OR

    For meaning of Globalization, Globalization means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished. The four reasons due to which Globalization is resisted are:

    1. Leftist parties argue that contemporary Globalization represents a global capitalism that makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.
    2. Weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of the state to protect the interest of its poor.
    3. Rightist parties express anxiety over the political economic and cultural effects.
    4. The cultural Globalization would harm age old values of people while harming their traditional culture.
    1. In 1959 a great famine struck in Mizo hills. Some Mizos believed that they were never a part of British India and, therefore, did not belong to the Indian Union. The movement for succession gained popular support only after the Assam Government failed to respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills. The Mizo’s anger led to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga.
    2. After a long struggle, a peace agreement, signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga. As per this accord, Mizoram was granted full-fledged statehood with special powers and MNF agreed to give up the secessionist struggle. This accord proved a turning point in the history of Mizoram. Today, Mizoram is one of the most peaceful places in the region and has taken big strides in literacy and development.
26. SECTION-D (12 MARKS)
    1. (c) Sri Lanka
    2. (a) Tamil militants
    3. (d) Tamil Eelam
    4. (b) Scandinavian

27. i	Meghalaya	B
    ii	Kerala	A
    iii	Rajasthan	D
    iv	Gujarat	C

    1. (c) 565
    2. (a) Tipu
    3. The lapse of British paramountcy allowed princely states to choose independence, join India, or Pakistan, creating a threat to India’s unity. Rulers like those of Travancore and Hyderabad declared independence, while others, like the Nawab of Bhopal, were hesitant to join the Constituent Assembly, complicating efforts to unify India.
28. SECTION-E (24 MARKS)
29. India and the former Soviet Union enjoyed a cordial relationship during the Cold War. The relation between the two was a multi-dimensional relationship
    1. Economic relation: During the Cold Era, India’s public sector companies were assisted by the Soviet Union. It gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro, Visakhapatnam as well as machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited etc. Apart from this, the Soviet Union accepted the Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange. The Soviet Union helped India in the construction of plants to manufacture heavy equipment and machinery, steel plants, Power plants, plants to produce precision instruments and machine tools, Petroleum extraction and refining facilities. In this way, USSR contributed heavily to India’s industrial development.
    2. Political relation: On the political front, the Soviet Union has supported India in UN over the Kashmir issue. India got support from the Soviet Union during major conflicts especially during the war with Pakistan in 1971. The Soviet Union on the other hand also got indirect support from India for its foreign policy.
    3. Defense relation: India received its military hardware from the Soviet Union when other countries were willing to part with military technologies.
    4. Culture: In the Soviet Union, Hindi films and Indian culture were very popular. This has been proved as many prominent Indian writers and artists paid a visit to the USSR.
    5. Party to party relationship: The Soviet government never pressurized India to modify its political system or the socio-economic system, though they had “Party to party” friendly relations with Indian leftist groups.

    OR

    Features:

    1. Soviet System was based on the principle of ‘Democratic Centralism’. To quote Vyshinsky, “The Soviet Union State is built on the principle of democratic centralism sharply opposed to the bureaucratic centralism of the capitalist state.” This principle meant that all bodies of administration were elected and organised on democratic principles. The principle also meant that the lower body was responsible to the higher body and the decision of the higher bodies was binding, on the lower bodies.
    2. The Citizens of U.S.S.R were given a number of fundamental rights along with duties: Rights were given to the citizens with a view to strengthening the socialist system. In other words, rights must be in conformity with the interests of the working people.
    3. Soviet System of government was based on federalism: There were 15 Union Republics which constituted U.S.S.R. But the powers of the centre were all-pervasive: the units were only pigmies before the centre.
    4. Supreme Soviet was the parliament of U.S.S.R: The Council of Ministers was responsible to the Supreme Soviet of U.S.S.R. But there was no opposition party in the Supreme Soviet.
    5. Soviet System of Economy was based on Planned Economy: There was integrated planning for the whole of the country.
30. The EU was considered as highly influential because:1. Economic Influence:
    1. The EU has world’s biggest economy with the GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005,larger than that of the US.
    2. The Euro, currency of EU, can pose a threat to the dominance of US Dollar.
    3. It also functions as an important bloc int international economic organisations such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO).

    2. Political Influence:

    1. Two members of the EU, Britain and France, hold permanent seats on the UN Security Council.
    2. The EU also included various non-permanent members of the UNSC.
    3. The European Union plays an influential role in diplomacy, economic investments, and negotiations except military force because of its dialogue with China on Human Rights and Environmental Degradation is remarkable.

    3. Militarily Influence:

    1. The EU’s combined armed forces are second largest in the world.
    2. It’s total spending on defence is second after the US.
    3. Two EU important states members, Britain and France, also experience nuclear arsenals of 550 nuclear warheads.
    4. It is the world’s second most important source of space and communications technology.

    OR

    The relations with China experience friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations:

    1. Soon after the independence, both states were involved in differences arising from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 and the final settlement of the Sino Indian border.
    2. Both were involved in a border conflict in 1962 over territorial claims mainly in Arunachal Pradesh and in the Aksai chin region of Ladakh.
    3. After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, and created a great humiliation.
    4. Assistance of China over Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences among countries.
    5. Military relations of China with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests.

    All these mentioned differences or disputes could be resolved for greater cooperation as if:

    • Both the countries would have made some more efforts to revive harmonious attitude between themselves.
    • Both the countries would have move hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities.
    • Both countries would have developed mutual understanding and respect.
    • Hence, both of them would have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology.
31. Caste oppression and socio-economic inequalities among backward classes:
    The social structure of India is to a large extent based on caste structure and caste identities. As the narrow sectional loyalties based on caste had done much harm to the country during the British rule, the Congress Party decided to check its evil effects after independence.
    It is well-known that the basis of electoral politics is the manipulation of votes.
    As a result of the introduction of Universal Adult Franchise even those social groups who stand very low in the social hierarchy and are economically backward, have come to realise that they yield enormous power. They have become conscious of their importance because various political parties compete to solicit their support.
    It is not caste alone which influences politics. Politics also transforms the caste and affects its solidarity and hierarchy. A caste, conscious of its social stratification strives to better its positions for the sake of modernising left of its members and thereby saving itself from the onslaughts of social injustice.
    Caste in the State Politics: According to Michael Brecher caste plays a major role in the state and local politics but it is marginal at the all-India level. Though no state of the Indian Union has been immune from the impact of caste politics, it has been more in Bihar, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, etc.
    Evaluation of the Role of Caste: From the above discussion it is clear that caste continues to be a paramount factor in Indian politics. At the same time, it cannot be denied that the role of caste has been decried as a fissiparous threat to national unity. It has encouraged the people to put group loyalty above merit and competence, and selfishness above public well-being. All this has jeopardised the liberal democratic values.

    OR

    Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal was the chairperson of Mandal commission set up in 1978 to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of society and recommended a way to identify these classes.

    The Mandal commission gave its recommendations in 1980:

    1. The commission advised that backward classes should be understood to mean backward castes since many castes other than the SCs were also treated as low in the caste hierarchy.
    2. Reservation 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these groups.
    3. It recommended land reforms to improve the condition of OBCs.

    Hence, Mandal commission made recommendations in economic and occupational structures.

    The government of India accepted recommendations in 1990:

    1. 27%jobsreservationhabeenmade in central and state government.
    2. Many Welfare Schemes have also been launched as Swarnima National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation.
32. In March 1974 students came together in Bihar against rising prices, food scarcity, unemployment and corruption. After a point they invited Jayaprakash Narayan, who had given up active politics and was involved in social work, to lead the student movement. He accepted it on the condition that the movement will remain nonviolent and will not limit to Bihar. Thus the students’ movement assumed a political character and had national appeal. People from all walks of life now entered the movement. Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the dismissal of Congress government in Bihar and gave a call for a total revolution in the social, economic and political spheres in order to establish what he considered to be a true democracy. A series of bandhs, gheraos and strikes were organised. In March, Jayaprakash Narayan led a people’s march to the Parliament. Both Bihar and Gujarat agitations were seen as anti-Congress. These were considered protests against the leadership of Indira Gandhi.

    OR

    1. An emergency was declared in India on 25th June 1975 due to:
       1. Internal disturbances and agitations in the country.
       2. Political mood of the country had turned hostile
       3. Grave crisis had arisen which made the [proclamation of a state of emergency necessary.
    2. Justification of the imposition of a state of emergency:
       1. Whether the declaration of a state of emergency was justified or not would always remain a controversial issue in Indian politics. We have differing viewpoints about the need to declare an emergency. During this period the government practically suspended the process of democratic functioning. The Shah Commission after the emergency found out, there were several “excesses’ committed during this period.
       2. However, the issue of the imposition of a state of emergency is still debatable or under debate. The then government argued that in a democratic system the opposition parties must allow the duly elected ruling party to rule as per its policies. It opined that frequent recourse to agitation, protests and collective action are not good for democracy.
       3. On the other hand, the critics of emergency maintain that JP and several other opposition leaders had the right to publicly protest against the government. The movements of Bihar and Gujrat were by and large peaceful and non-violent. During this period, the protestors who were arrested were never tried and no cases were registered against most of the detainees.
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Sample Papers for Class 12 – 2025

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