CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25

CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25

The CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus for the 2024-25 session covers key topics such as Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution, Biology and Human Welfare, Biotechnology and its Applications, Ecology and Environment, and more. This syllabus is designed to provide students with a deep understanding of fundamental biological concepts, essential for excelling in the upcoming board exams.

To aid in exam preparation, of myCBSEGuide Website and myCBSEguide App offers an excellent platform for students. By installing the myCBSEguide App, students can access the latest Class 12 Biology sample question papers and model test papers specifically designed for the 2025 exams. The app also provides chapter-wise test papers, revision notes, and additional study resources to help students master the subject.

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Class 12 Biology Mobile App

CBSE Class XII
Biology (Code No. 044)
Syllabus (2024-25)

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CLASS XII (2024-25)
(THEORY)

Time: 03 Hours
Max. Marks: 70

Unit	Title	Marks
VI	Reproduction	16
VII	Genetics and Evolution	20
VIII	Biology and Human Welfare	12
IX	Biotechnology and its Applications	12
X	Ecology and Environment	10
	Total	70

Unit-VI Reproduction

Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post-fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Chapter-3: Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Chapter-4: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth
control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP);
amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution

Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy;
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in human being, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans -thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA
packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation – lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter-7: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology,
comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin’s contribution, modern
synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination)
and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift;
Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis,
ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.

Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications

Chapter-11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Application
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production,
stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic
animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Unit-X Ecology and Environment

Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations
Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations)

Chapter-14: Ecosystem
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles).

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity – Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation;
hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

PRACTICALS

Time allowed: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 30

Evaluation Scheme		Marks
One Major Experiment 5		5
One Minor Experiment 2 & 3		4
Slide Preparation 1, & 4		5
Spotting		7
Practical Record + Viva Voce	(Credit to the student’s work over the academic session may be given)	4
Investigatory Project and its Project Record + Viva Voce		5
Total		30

A. List of Experiments

1. Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
2. Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
3. Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
4. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
5. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.

B. Study and observer the following (Spotting):

1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.
3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
6. Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
7. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow’s peak and colour blindness.
8. Controlled pollination – emasculation, tagging andbagging.
9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
10. Models specimen showing symbolic association in root modules of leguminous plants, Cuscuta on host, lichens.
11. Flash cards models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.

Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of Classes XII

Evaluation Scheme

Time: 2 Hours
Max. Marks: 30

Topic	Marks
Identification/Familiarity with the apparatus	5
Written test (Based on given/prescribed practicals)	10
Practical Records	5
Viva	10
Total	30

General Guidelines

• The practical examination will be of two hour duration. A separate list of ten experiments is included here.
• The written examination in practicals for these students will be conducted at the time of practical examination of all other students.
• The written test will be of 30 minutes duration.
• The question paper given to the students should be legibly typed. It should contain a total of 15 practical skill based very short answer type questions. A student would be required to answer any 10 questions.
• A writer may be allowed to such students as per CBSE examination rules.
• All questions included in the question paper should be related to the listed practicals. Every question should require about two minutes to be answered.
• These students are also required to maintain a practical file. A student is expected to record at least five of the listed experiments as per the specific instructions for each subject. These practicals should be duly checked and signed by the internal examiner.
• The format of writing any experiment in the practical file should include aim, apparatus required, simple theory, procedure, related practical skills, precautions etc.
• Questions may be generated jointly by the external/internal examiners and used for assessment.
• The viva questions may include questions based on basic theory/ principle/concept, apparatus/materials/chemicals required, procedure, precautions, sources of error etc.

Class XII

A. Items for Identification/familiarity with the apparatus for assessment in practicals (All experiments) Beaker, flask, petriplates, soil from different sites – sandy, clayey, loamy, small potted plants, aluminium foil, paint brush, test tubes, starch solution, iodine, ice cubes, Bunsen burner/spirit lamp/water bath, large flowers, Maize inflorescence, model of developmental stages highlighting morula and blastula of frog, beads/seeds of different shapes/size/texture Ascaris, Cactus/Opuntia(model).

B. List of Practicals

1. Study of flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects).
2. Identification of T.S of morula or blastula of frog (Model).
3. Study of Mendelian inheritance pattern using beads/seeds of different sizes/texture.
4. Preparation of pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, colour blindness.
5. Study of emasculation, tagging and bagging by trying out an exercise on controlled pollination.
6. Identify common disease causing organisms like Ascaris (model)and learn some common symptoms of the disease that they cause.
7. Comment upon the morphological adaptations of plants found in xerophytic conditions.

Note: The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than recording observations.

Prescribed Books:

1. Biology, Class-XII, Published by NCERT
2. Other related books and manuals brought out by NCERT (consider multimedia also)
3. Biology Supplementary Material (Revised). Available on CBSE website.

Question Paper Design (Theory)

Competencies
Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding	50%
Application of Knowledge / Concepts	30%
Analyse, Evaluate and Create	20%

Note:

• Typology of questions: VSA including MCQs, Assertion – Reasoning type questions; SA; LAI; LA-II; Source-based/Case-based/Passage-based/Integrated assessment questions.
•  An internal choice of approximately 33% would be provided.

Suggestive verbs for various competencies

• Demonstrate, Knowledge and Understanding
  State, name, list, identify, define, suggest, describe, outline, summarize, etc.
• Application of Knowledge/Concepts
  Calculate, illustrate, show, adapt, explain, distinguish, etc.
• Analyze, Evaluate and Create
  Interpret, analyse, compare, contrast, examine, evaluate, discuss, construct, etc.

CBSE Sample Paper 2024-25

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How to Download the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus in PDF Format from MyCBSEGuide

To download the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus in PDF format from MyCBSEGuide, follow these easy steps:

1. Visit MyCBSEGuide’s Official Website:
   • Open your preferred web browser and go to the official website of myCBSEGuide Website and myCBSEguide App.
2. Navigate to the Syllabus Section:
   • On the homepage, you will find a search bar at the top of the page. Alternatively, you can locate the Syllabus section from the main menu.
   • Select Class 12 from the options to access the list of subject syllabi.
3. Find the Biology Syllabus:
   • From the list of subjects for Class 12, click on Biology. This will lead you to the syllabus details for the subject.
4. Download the Syllabus in PDF Format:
   • On the Biology syllabus page, look for the download link to get the PDF version of the Biology Syllabus.
   • Click the Download button, and the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus will be saved directly to your device in PDF format.
5. Access the PDF:
   • After downloading, open the PDF file using any standard PDF viewer to view, print, or save the syllabus for future reference.

By following these simple steps, you can easily download the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus from MyCBSEGuide and access all the important topics and guidelines to help with exam preparation. This process will ensure that you stay aligned with the official curriculum for the upcoming board exams.

Frequently Asked Question:

When will CBSE 2025 syllabus be released?

Yes, the CBSE 2025 syllabus has already been released by the board. To stay updated and access the most accurate and detailed syllabus, download the myCBSEguide app. Keep track of the syllabus and boost your exam preparation with myCBSEGuide Website and myCBSEguide App. The app provides the latest CBSE syllabus for all subjects, along with study materials, sample papers, chapter-wise test papers, and NCERT solutions. You can also find revision notes and other resources that will help you prepare effectively for the upcoming exams.  The Examin8 App and Examin8 Website offer a powerful solution for educators, enabling them to create customized mock tests and practice papers. With the ability to incorporate their personal branding, such as their name and logo, teachers can enhance the effectiveness of their teaching while providing students with tailored assessments. This personalized approach not only improves teaching efficiency but also helps students prepare more effectively for exams by focusing on key areas of study. By using the Examin8 App, educators can design assessments that meet their curriculum needs and improve student performance, making exam preparation more targeted and effective.