CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Sociology 2025

Class 12 Sociology Sample Paper 2025 

The Class 12 Sociology Sample Paper 2025 features a range of competency-based questions, designed to align with the latest CBSE guidelines. This year’s sample paper offers students a great opportunity to practice critical thinking and application-based questions, ensuring a thorough understanding of key sociological concepts. The CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Sociology 2025 are an essential tool for students preparing for their final exams. These sample papers are designed according to the latest CBSE syllabus and exam pattern, providing an accurate representation of the upcoming board exam. By practicing with the CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Sociology 2025, students can familiarize themselves with the types of questions that will appear in the exam, helping them manage time and boost confidence. The sample papers also come with detailed solutions, making it easier to understand complex sociological concepts. Make sure to download the CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Sociology 2025 from trusted platforms like myCBSEguide to ensure you have access to high-quality, accurate, and updated exam materials. Start practicing now to ensure thorough preparation with the best resources available for Class 12 Sociology 2025 exams.

You can easily download the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology 2025 from the myCBSEguide app or the student dashboard on our website. These sample papers are specifically created to reflect the exam pattern and difficulty level, helping students get ready for the final board exams. For teachers, the Examin8 App and Examin8 Website is a powerful tool that allows you to create custom mock tests and practice papers with your own name and logo.

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Sample Papers of Class 12 Sociology 2025 with solution

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CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Sociology 2025

Download CBSE Class 12 Sociology Sample Papers 2025 with Solutions

myCBSEguide offers CBSE Class 12 Sociology Sample Papers for 2025, available for free download in PDF format. These sample papers are designed in alignment with the latest CBSE syllabus and NCERT guidelines, ensuring that students get practice material that is both relevant and comprehensive. The Sociology sample papers for Class 12 follow the updated blueprint and marking scheme for 2025, giving students an accurate representation of the upcoming board exam pattern. The CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Sociology 2025 are a crucial resource for students aiming to excel in their final exams. Designed in accordance with the latest CBSE syllabus and exam pattern, these sample papers give students an accurate preview of what to expect in the board exams.

By downloading and practicing these Class 12 Sociology sample papers, students can familiarize themselves with the exam format, boost their problem-solving skills, and ensure better exam readiness. The sample papers come with detailed solutions, allowing students to understand the correct approach for each question.

You can easily access the CBSE 12 Sociology sample papers and solutions through the myCBSEguide App and myCBSEGuide Website. Download now and start your preparation with the most up-to-date study resources! For teachers, the Examin8 App and Examin8 Website is a powerful tool that allows you to create custom mock tests and practice papers with your own name and logo.

Class 12 Sample Papers Sociology 2025

Class 12 – Sociology
Sample Paper – 01 (2024-25)

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Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

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General Instructions:

1. The question paper is divided into four sections.
2. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
3. Section A includes question No. 1-16. These are MCQ type questions. As per the question,there can be one answer.
4. Section B includes question No.17-25. These are very short answer-type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
5. Section C includes question No. 26-32. They are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
6. Section D includes question No. 33-35. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words each.
7. Question no. 33 is to be answered with the help of the given graphics.

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1. 1. Section A
   2. Assertion (A): Literacy as a prerequisite to education is an instrument of empowerment.
      Reason (R): Female literacy has been rising faster than male literacy, partly because it started from relatively low levels.

      a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

      b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

      c)A is true but R is false.

      d)A is false but R is true.

   3. Assertion (A): Tribal societies were also losing their land to non-tribal immigrant settlers, and their access to forests.
      Reason (R): It was due to the government’s policy of reservation of forests and introduction of mining operations.

      a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

      b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

      c)A is true but R is false.

      d)A is false but R is true.

   4. Dependents comprise of

      a)old people above 65

      b)young people below 15

      c)infants and 70 plus old people

      d)Both young people below 15 and infants and 70 plus old people

   5. Assertion (A): Castes were traditionally linked to Kingdoms.
      Reason (R): A person born into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary, i.e. passed on from generation to generation.

      a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

      b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

      c)A is true but R is false.

      d)A is false but R is true.

   6. What is not true for globalisation and liberalisation in the rural society?

      a)Free international trade

      b)Opening of Indian markets to imports

      c)Non-participation in WTO

      d)Competition from the global market

 

1. 1. Question No. 6 to 7 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:There is a feeling, specially among the educated Khasi, that their rules of kinship and inheritance are biased in favour of women and are too restrictive. The Succession Act is therefore seen as an attempt at removing such restrictions and at correcting the perceived female bias in the Khasi tradition. To assess whether the popular perception of female bias in the Khasi tradition is indeed valid, it is necessary to view the Khasi matrilineal system in the context of the prevalent gender relations and definitions of gender roles.To enhance your exam preparation and practice more questions, download the myCBSEguide.com app. This app offers complete study material for CBSE, NCERT, JEE (Main), NEET-UG, and NDA exams, making it a one-stop resource for students. It provides practice papers, sample papers, mock tests, and chapter-wise solutions, helping students prepare effectively for their exams.You can easily access the CBSE 12 Sociology sample papers and solutions through the myCBSEguide App and myCBSEGuide Website. Download now and start your preparation with the most up-to-date study resources! For teachers, the Examin8 App and Examin8 Website is a powerful tool that allows you to create custom mock tests and practice papers with your own name and logo.This app is designed to help educators generate professional and personalized question papers in line with CBSE guidelines, streamlining the paper creation process.Download the myCBSEguide app now to access comprehensive study material for all major exams, and for teachers, the Examin8 app to create custom question papers with ease. Start your exam preparation today with these powerful tools!
   2. Which Succession Act mentioned in the given paragraph is referred to?

      a)Instrument of Succession Act

      b)Meghalaya Succession Act

      c)Indian Succession Act

      d)Northeast Succession Act

   3. To which of the following tribes this act applies to?

      a)Khasi

      b)Both Jaintia and Khasi

      c)Garo

      d)Jaintia

   4. Assertion (A): In a strike, workers do not go to work.
      Reason (R): In response to harsh working conditions, sometimes workers went on strike.

      a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

      b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

      c)A is true but R is false.

      d)A is false but R is true.

 

1. Question No. 9 to 10 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:Regionalism in India is rooted in India’s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes, and religions. It is also encouraged by the geographical concentration of these identity markers in particular regions, and fuelled by a sense of regional deprivation. Indian federalism has been a means of accommodating these regional sentiments. After Independence, initially the Indian state continued with the British-Indian arrangement dividing India into large provinces, also called ‘presidencies’. These were large multi-ethnic and multilingual provincial states constituting the major political-administrative units of a semi-federal state called the Union of India.
2. Which among the following was not one of the ‘presidencies’ of the British-India?

   a)Delhi

   b)Calcutta

   c)Madras

   d)Bombay

3. To which of the following state did the Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada and Konkani speaking people belong?

   a)Hyderabad

   b)Bombay

   c)Madras

   d)Saurashtra

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4. A campaign of refusal to pay land revenue in 1917-18 which was directed against the indigo plantations were referred as:

   a)Tehbhaga

   b)Kisan Andolan

   c)Bardoli Satyagraha

   d)Champaran Satyagraha

5. According to the 2010-11 Economic Survey in India, what % of people were employed in the primary sector (agriculture and mines)?

   a)60%

   b)65%

   c)50%

   d)55%

6. Assertion (A): In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress issued a declaration on the Fundamental Rights of Citizenship in India whereby it committed itself to women’s equality.
   Reason (R): The franchise shall be on the basis of universal adult suffrage.

   a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

   b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

   c)A is true but R is false.

   d)A is false but R is true.

7. Assertion (A): Phule’s first practical social reform efforts were to aid the two groups considered lowest in traditional Brahmin culture: women and untouchables.
   Reason (R): Arya samaj was founded by Jyotirao Phule.

   a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

   b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

   c)A is true but R is false.

   d)A is false but R is true.

8. When was All India Muslim Women’s Conference called Anjuman-e-Khawatin-e-Islam founded?

   a)In 1915

   b)In 1912

   c)In 1913

   d)In 1914

9. In which Article of the Constitution, citizens have the right to retain their language, script and culture?

   a)In Article 352

   b)In Article 29 & 30

   c)In Article 350

   d)In Article 347

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10. Section B
11. What are some common features central to the public perception of disability all over the world?
12. Throughout the seventeenth century, the export of cotton goods expanded very fast. The port of Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea ports; while, Masulipatam on the Coromandel Coast and Hooghly in Bengal had trade routes with Java, Sumatra and Penang. Indian merchants and bankers were associated with this export network by financing production, collecting the woven cloth from villages and supplying it to the port towns.Read the source and answer the following question.What were the products exported from sea ports by the colonial government?

    OR

    The concept ‘Sanskritization’ was first introduced by Prof. M.N. Srinivas the famous Indian sociologist. He explained the concept of sanskritization in his book “Religion and society among the coorgs of South India” to describe the cultural mobility in the traditional caste structure of Indian society. In his study of the coorgs of Mysore, he came to know that the lower castes were trying to raise their status in their caste hierarchy by adopting some cultural ideals of the Brahmins. As a result they left some of their ideals which are considered to be impure by the Brahmins. To explain this process of mobility, Srinivas used the term ‘Brahminization’. Later on he called it ‘Sanskritization’ in a broad sense.

    Read the source and answer the following question.

    What did M.N. Srinivas mean by Sanskritisation and de-Sanskritisation?

13. What do you understand by Green Revolution?
14. What were religious disabilities of Scheduled Castes?

    OR

    The women’s question arose in modern India as part of 19^th century middle-class social reform movements. These reformers used a mix of ideas. Explain these ideas.

15. Differentiate between peasants and farmers.
16. What is meant by social demography?
17. What do you know about the concept of Tribal Identity?
18. The Green Revolution was a period that began in the 1960s during which agriculture in India was converted into a modern industrial system by the adoption of technology, such as the use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, mechanised farm tools, irrigation facilities, pesticides and fertilizers.
    1. What do you understand by Green Revolution?
    2. The Green revolution led to regional inequalities. Give examples.
19. Write the difference between Strike and Lock-out. What were the demands of the workers of the famous Bombay textile strike of 1982?To boost your exam preparation and practice more questions, download the myCBSEguide App and myCBSEGuide Website today. The app offers comprehensive study material for CBSE, NCERT, JEE (Main), NEET-UG, and NDA exams. Students can access practice papers, sample papers, mock tests, and chapter-wise solutions to strengthen their understanding of key concepts and perform better in exams. To ensure high-quality, reliable, and up-to-date exam preparation, download the CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Sociology 2025 from trusted platforms like myCBSEguide.For teachers, the Examin8 App and Examin8 Website provides a convenient platform to create customized exam papers. Educators can design papers with their own name, logo, and specific requirements, all while adhering to CBSE guidelines. This makes exam paper creation quick and efficient.Whether you’re preparing for board exams or competitive tests, myCBSEguide and Examin8 are the perfect apps for both students and teachers. Download the myCBSEguide app to get access to all the resources you need for effective exam preparation and teaching.
20. Section C
21. How the large scale circulation of labour influence rural society in both receiving and supplying regions?
22. How is tribe different from caste?
23. What do you know about Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s social reform movement?

    OR

    Who started reform movement among Muslims and how?

24. How British industrialisation led to de-industrialisation in some sectors and decline of old urban centres in India.
25. What was the contribution of Raja Ram Mohun Roy in the social reforms of India?
26. What is meant by Ashrama system regions and communities?
27. What kind of work people do in the society?
28. Section D
29. 
    
    Based on the given Population Pyramids of India for the year 2026 and 2050,(1) What, according to you, are the implications of this inference?
    (2) What is the importance of demographic dividend?
30. What are the social and economic problems of scheduled castes?
31. Discuss the agenda of social movements.To excel in your exams, download the myCBSEguide App and myCBSEGuide, which offers complete study material for CBSE, NCERT, JEE (Main), NEET-UG, and NDA exams. This app provides a wide range of resources including practice papers, sample papers, mock tests, and detailed solutions, helping students build confidence and improve performance across subjects.For teachers, the Examin8 App and Examin8 Website is a powerful tool for creating customized question papers. Teachers can easily generate papers with their own name, logo, and specific requirements, all while aligning with CBSE guidelines. This ensures the creation of professional and personalized exam papers in no time.Whether you’re a student preparing for competitive exams or a teacher designing unique assessments, myCBSEguide and Examin8 apps are the perfect solutions. Download the myCBSEguide app for students and Examin8 for teachers to enhance exam preparation and teaching efficiency.

Class 12 – Sociology
Sample Paper – 01 (2024-25)

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Solution

1. Section A
2. (b)

   Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

   Explanation: The inequalities in the literacy rate are especially important because they tend to reproduce inequality across generations. Illiterate parents are at a severe disadvantage in ensuring that their children are well educated, thus perpetuating existing inequalities.

3. (a)

   Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

   Explanation: Tribal societies were also losing their land to non-tribal immigrant settlers, and their access to forests because the government policy of reservation of forests and introduction of mining operations.

4. (d)

   Both young people below 15 and infants and 70 plus old people

   Explanation: Both young people below 15 and infants and 70 plus old people

5. (d)

   A is false but R is true.

   Explanation: Castes were traditionally linked to occupations.

6. (c)

   Non-participation in WTO

   Explanation: Non-participation in WTO

7. (b)

   Meghalaya Succession Act

   Explanation: Meghalaya Succession Act

8. (b)

   Both Jaintia and Khasi

   Explanation: Both Jaintia and Khasi

9. (a)

   Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

   Explanation: In a strike, workers do not go to work. In response to harsh working conditions, sometimes workers went on strike.

10. (a)

    Delhi

    Explanation: Delhi

11. (b)

    Bombay

    Explanation: Bombay

12. (d)

    Champaran Satyagraha

    Explanation: A campaign of refusal to pay land revenue in 1917-18 which was directed against the indigo plantations were referred to as Champaran Satyagraha.

13. (a)

    60%

    Explanation: 60%

14. (a)

    Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

    Explanation: In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress issued a declaration on the Fundamental Rights of Citizenship in India whereby it committed itself to women’s equality. The franchise shall be on the basis of universal adult suffrage.

15. (c)

    A is true but R is false.

    Explanation: Jotiba Phule came from a socially excluded caste and his attack was directed against both caste and gender discrimination. He founded the Satyashodak Samaj with its primary emphasis on “truth-seeking”.

16. (d)

    In 1914

    Explanation: In 1914

17. (b)

    In Article 29 & 30

    Explanation: In Article 29 & 30

Section B

1. • Disability is understood as a biological given.
   • Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from her/his impairment.
   • The disabled person is seen as a victim.
   • Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception.
2. Raw cotton, jute, coffee, sugar, indigo dyes etc were the products exported from sea-ports by the colonial government.

   OR

   According to M.N. Srinivas Sanskritisation is the process by which members of a lower caste try to emulate the upper caste in terms of customs and traditions, ideologies and lifestyle. But in regions where Non-Sanskritised caste lower caste in the rural area became dominant and influenced the Sanskritised caste upper caste, this process is called De-Sanskritization.

3. Green revolution means introducing revolutionary methods for all-round development of agriculture to increase production. The Green Revolution has been considered a major achievement of the government and of the scientists who contributed to the effort.
4. Scheduled castes were restricted to perform any religious activity or religious ritual. They were also not allowed to read religious books, Upanishads or ‘shloks’. Education in ancient times was based on religion. That is why scheduled caste people were not allowed to get an education. They were restricted to enter the temples and worship God. If any individual tried to break the rules made by higher castes, he/she was severely punished by the people of higher castes.

   OR

   The women’s question arose in modern India as part of the nineteenth-century middle-class social reform movements.

   • Reformers were often inspired by the democratic ideals of the modern West and by a deep pride in their own democratic traditions of the past. Many used both these resources to fight for women’s rights.
   • For example, the anti-Sati campaign led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Bengal, and the Widow Remarriage Movement in the Bombay Presidency by Ranade.
   • Raja Ram Mohun Roy attacked the practice of sati on the basis of both appeals to humanitarian and natural rights doctrines as well as Hindu shastras.
   • Ranade’s writings entitled The Texts of the Hindu Law on the Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows and Vedic Authorities for Widow Marriage elaborated the shastric sanction for remarriage of widows.
5. Peasants are typically small-scale farmers with limited landholdings, often facing economic hardship and social marginalization.
   Farmers encompass a broader spectrum, including those who own land, employ labor, and have varying levels of income and influence.
6. Social demography studies the social-economic or political aspects of the population. It focuses on birth rate, death rate and migration that happens in a particular society.
   It consists of 4 processes.
   1. Demographic structure- Number of people in an area.
   2. Demographic process- Birth rate, death rate, Migration.
   3. Social structure- composition of an area.
   4. Social processes- Processes by which Individuals learn to live together in peace and harmony in society e.g. corporation, accommodation, mediation, etc.

   Social demography is concerned with changes or the consequences of the population of a society and how it affects us.

7. The meaning of Tribal Identity is to preserve the social and cultural heritage of tribes so that the existence of their culture should not come to an end after they come in contact with other cultures. These days tribes are feeling that they are being marginalised and that is why the concept of tribal identity came in front. In tribal societies, people are converting their religion, forgetting about their culture and want to become modern because of the impact of Christian missionaries and the spread of education. It is harming their basic culture.
   1. Green revolution means introducing revolutionary methods for all-round development of agriculture to increase production. The Green Revolution has been considered a major achievement of the government and of the scientists who contributed to the effort.
   2. The Negative outcome of the Green Revolution strategy was the worsening of regional inequalities. The areas that underwent this technological transformation became more developed while other areas stagnated. For instance, the Green Revolution was promoted more in the western and southern parts of the country, and in Punjab, Haryana, and western U.P., than in the eastern parts of the country. As a result, we find agriculture in states such as Bihar and in eastern U.P., and in dry regions such as Telangana, to be relatively undeveloped.
   1. Strike:
      • Initiated by Workers: A strike is typically initiated by the workers (employees) of a company or industry.
      • Objective: Workers go on strike to demand better working conditions, higher wages, improved benefits, or to protest against unfair labor practices by the employer.
   2. Lockout:
      • Initiated by Employers: A lockout is initiated by the employer or management of a company or industry.
      • Objective: The purpose of a lockout is to prevent workers from entering the workplace, usually as a response to labor disputes or to gain leverage in negotiations.
8. The workers of Bombay Textile strike of 1982, wanted-
   • Better wages and
   • The right to form their own union.
9. Section C
10. The large scale circulation of labour has had several significant effects on rural society, in both the receiving and the supplying regions as:
    1. In poor areas where male family members spend much of the year working outside of their villages, cultivation has become primarily a female task.
    2. Women are emerging as the main source of agricultural labour, leading to feminization of agricultural labour force.
    3. The insecurity of women is greater because they earn lower wages than men for similar work.
    4. Women have been toiling on the land as earners and workers but as per the patrilineal kinship system, and other cultural practices that privilege male rights, women are excluded from land ownership.
11. The contrast between the composition of the caste and the tribe are:
    1. A tribe theoretically is a territorial group while caste is a socio-cultural group. When a tribe loses its territorial character, it takes the form of caste.
    2. Each tribe has own distinct language than the other but it is not the case with a caste. A tribe never imposes restrictions on its members regarding the choice of occupation but a caste usually promotes hereditary occupations and the principle of birth.
    3. Caste and tribe emphasise and perpetuate collective identities in strikingly similar ways. A caste or tribe may change its name and also its mode of livelihood and still retains its collective identity.
12. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s efforts aimed at reforming the Muslim society. He wanted girls to be educated, but within the precincts of their homes. Like Dayanand Saraswati of Arya Samaj, he stood for women’s education but sought for a curriculum that included instruction in religious principles, training in the arts of housekeeping and handicrafts and rearing of children. This may appear very stereotypical today but one has to realize that once such rights were such as education for women were accepted. It started a process that finally made it impossible to confine women to only some kind of education.

    OR

    Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan started the reform movement among Muslims. In 1857, he observed that Muslims are being suppressed by the Britishers. He appealed to Muslims to remain loyal to Britishers so that Britishers could work for the upliftment of Muslims. He brought Muslims on one stage and told them not to go against Britishers. He founded many schools and colleges and one of them, later on, became famous Aligarh Muslim University. He stressed upon the women education. He opposed the Purdah system and divorce system of Muslims by saying Talaq thrice so that Muslim women could be uplifted. He also established many orphanages. Except this, Ahmedia Andolan was also started to bring reforms among Muslims. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan also worked a lot in N.W.F.P. for the upliftment of Muslims.

13. In India, the impact of the very same British industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in some sectors. And the decline of old urban centres. Just as manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures from India declined in the face of Manchester competition. This period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam while Bombay and Madras grew. When the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka and Murshidabad lost their courts and, therefore, some of their artisans and court gentry. From the end of the 19th century, with the installation of mechanised factory industries, some towns became much more heavily populated. Unlike Britain were due to industrialisation more people moved towards urban areas.
14. Raja Ram Mohun Roy is also known as the father of modern India.
    He gave a great contribution in initiating socio-reform movement in India whose description is given below:
    1. Just because of his efforts, the British government declared, one of the most dangerous social evil of Indian Society, Sati Pratha as illegal in 1829 by enacting a law against it.
    2. Raja Ram Mohun Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 which worked for a long time in removing social evils from the Indian society.
    3. Raja Ram Mohun Roy advocated western education because he himself was a western educated intellectual and he motivated young Indians to receive western education.
    4. He raised his voice against the caste system prevalent in the Indian Society.
    5. He also raised his voice against Sati Pratha, child marriage, girl education and for widow remarriage.
15. Ashrama system was one of the bases of Hindu Social System. According to this system, a person’s whole life is divided into four equal parts which are known as four ashramas.
    These ashramas are:
    1. Brahmacharya Ashrama: First ashrama is known as Brahmacharya ashrama and first 25 years of one’s life belong to this ashrama. A person in this stage receives education at the house of the Guru and the Guru prepares him for the next stages of life.
    2. Grihastha Ashrama: After getting an education, a person enters into the Grihastha ashrama which goes up to 50 years of age. In this stage, the person marries, produces children, earns money and serves the people. He fulfils all his wishes in this ashrama.
    3. Vana Prastha Ashrama: The third ashrama starts at the age of 50 and goes u to 75 years of age. He renounces every worldly pleasure and meditates in the forest for salvation. Here he tries to concentrate for achieving salvation.
    4. Sanyasa Ashrama:- This ashrama starts from 75 years and goes until death. Man sacrifices every thing in this and concentrates towards god. He lives in the forest to achieve salvation.
16. Different kind of work people do in society:
    1. In developed countries, the majority of people work in the service sector and less than 10% in agriculture or agriculture-related activities.
    2. In India in 1999-2000, nearly 60% of people were employed in agriculture or mining, 17% in manufacturing, construction and utility sector, and 23% in the trade, transport and financial services sector.
    3. However, in terms of contribution to economic growth, the share of these sectors has reduced and the services sector has become half. This is a cause for concern because the sector that employs the majority of people cannot generate much income for them.
17. Section D
18. (1) India must utilize the potential of people in the working age-group before the demographic window closes.It must also introduce policy changes to provide social security for the increasing number of senior citizens.
    (2) Demographic Dividend helps in increasing the workforce, there will be rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. It leads to more investment in physical and human infrastructure. The productivity of the country’s economy increases due to increased labour force.
19. The social and economic problems of scheduled castes are:
    1. Lower social status: The Scheduled Caste people have a low status in the social stratification. Except this, they had many social, economic, political and religious disabilities as well because of which a sense of inferiority had come in their minds. Many restrictions were also there in the way of improvement of their status.
    2. Restrictions on the use of public places: Members of this class in society were not allowed to enter public places in ancient times. They were not allowed to take water from wells, were restricted to go in public parks and other places.
    3. Restrictions on social contact: These castes were restricted to interact with the other classes of society. It was made necessary for them to keep some distance from the higher classes of society.
    4. Untouchability: Scheduled Castes were generally known as untouchable castes which meant that people of lower castes were not allowed even to touch the members of upper castes. It was believed that with their touch, people of upper castes will become impure.
    5. Habitational disabilities: People of Scheduled Castes were not allowed to live in villages with the people of other castes. Generally, they were living out of the village and maintained some distance from upper castes.
20.  The agenda of social movements are described below:
    1. Social movements cannot change society easily. Since it goes against both entrenched interests and values, there is bound to be opposition and resistance.
    2. But over a period changes do take place. Social movement activists hold meetings to mobilize people around the issues that concern them.
    3. Such movement activists hold meetings to mobilize people around the issues that concern them.
    4. Social movements also chart out campaigns that include lobbying with the government, media and other important makers of public opinion.
    5. Social movements also develop distinct modes of protest. This could be candle and torchlight processions, use of black cloth, street theatres, songs, poetry. – Gandhi adopted novel ways such as ahimsa, satyagraha and his use of the charkha in the freedom movement. There were the innovative modes of protest such as picketing and the defying of the colonial ban on producing salt.
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