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Posted by Aditi Shankar 5 years, 4 months ago (9511565)
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Nikhita Bolake 5 years, 4 months ago (9515180)
Posted by Aryan Kumar 5 years, 4 months ago (9628337)
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Ankitkumar 30B 5 years, 4 months ago (9738125)
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Jasleen Kaur 5 years, 4 months ago (9425618)
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
Harmful Microorganisms:
Microorganisms can be harmful in many ways. For example – some of the microorganisms cause diseases in human beings, other animals and plants. Such microorganisms which cause diseases are called pathogens.
- Disease causing Microorganisms in Humans:
Pathogens enter our body through the air we breathe, the water we drink or the food we eat. They can also get transmitted by direct contact with an
infected person or carried through an animal. Microbial diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air, water, food or physical contact are called communicable diseases. Examples of such diseases include cholera, common cold, chicken pox and tuberculosis.
The communicable diseases can occur and spread in the following ways:
- By breathing of air containing microorganisms.
- By taking infected food and water.
- Through insect bites.
- By sharing infected injection needles.
- By physical contact with an infected person.For example – common cold disease spreads by breathing air containing microorganisms.
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
The beneficial effects of microorganisms in detail:
- Making of Curd and Bread: Lactobacillus bacterium present in milk promotes the formation of curd. It multiplies in milk and converts it into curd. Bacteria are also involved in the making of cheese, pickles and many other food items. Yeast is used in the baking industry for making bread. When yeast is mixed in dough for making bread, the yeast reproduces rapidly and gives out carbon dioxide gas during respiration. The bubbles of the carbon dioxide gas fill the dough and increase its volume. This makes the bread rise and light, soft and spongy.
- Commercial Use Of Microorganisms: Microorganisms are used for a large scale production of alcohol and acetic acid. Yeast is used in making alcohol and wine because it is capable of converting sugar into alcohol. The sugar for making alcohol comes from the substances such as cane juice and fruit juices, or from substances like barley, maize, rice, etc. The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol by the action of yeast is called fermentation. Louis Pasteur discovered the process of fermentation in 1857.
- Medicinal Use of Microorganisms: A medicine which stops the growth of, or kills the disease-causing microorganisms is called an antibiotic. The source of antibiotic medicines are microorganisms. These days a large number of antibiotics are produced from microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. Some of the common antibiotics which are made from fungi and bacteria are Penicillin, Streptomycein, Erythromycein and Tetracycline. Antibiotics kill the disease-causing microorganisms but usually do not damage human body cells. The first antibiotic ‘penicillin’ was discovered by Alexander Fleming by chance in 1929, and was extracted from the tiny fungus called ‘Penicillium’. Antibiotics are used to treat many bacterial diseases in humans but are not effective against the diseases caused by viruses. They can be used to treat many diseases in animals. They are mixed with the feed of live stock and poultry birds to control microbial diseases in animals. Antibiotics are also used to control many plant diseases.
- Vaccine: Microorganisms are used to make vaccines to provide immunity against a particular disease. A vaccine contains the dead or weakened but alive microorganisms of a disease. When the vaccine is introduced into the body of a healthy person orally or by injection, the body of that person responds by producing some substances called antibodies in the blood. The antibodies remain in the blood of the person for a long time and fight against the same microorganisms and kill them if they happen to enter the body naturally or later date. This is how a vaccine works. Thus, a vaccine develops the immunity from a disease. Several diseases can be prevented by vaccination including cholera, polio, tetanus, measles, rabies, diphtheria, tuberculosis, smallpox and hepatitis. Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for smallpox in 1798.
v. Increasing Soil Fertility: Some of the microorganisms present in the soil can fix nitrogen gas from the atmosphere to form nitrogen compounds. These nitrogen compounds mix with the soil and increase the fertility of the soil. Example – some bacteria and blue-green algae. Such microbes are commonly called as biological nitrogen fixers.
Posted by Kashish Singh 5 years, 4 months ago (9732104)
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Palak Sharma 5 years, 4 months ago (9521497)
Priya ✧*。٩(๑˙╰╯˙๑)و✧*。 5 years, 4 months ago (9704945)
Posted by Kashish . 5 years, 4 months ago (7689308)
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Sruthi Kambar 5 years, 4 months ago (9736832)
Priya ✧*。٩(๑˙╰╯˙๑)و✧*。 5 years, 4 months ago (9704945)
Anmol Genius 5 years, 4 months ago (8800047)
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
Planets do not twinkle because:1. Planets are not a source of light. Instead, they reflect low intensity light reaching them. 2. They are also closer to the Earth than the distant stars. Hence, the shift due to atmospheric refraction is smaller.3. As the planets are closer, planets appear larger in comparison to the stars. Hence, the shift is not enough for the planets to twinkle. Twinkling occurs because the apparent position of a heavenly body is not fixed because the light through them is refracted through the atmosphere. Planets appear larger to human eyes as compared to stars because they are closer. As the angle subtended by the planets at the human eye is more, the shift in their position(as compared to stars) is smaller. Since, the shift is smaller, they do not twinkle.
Posted by Princess Of God 5 years, 4 months ago (9732273)
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Kashish . 5 years, 4 months ago (7689308)
Posted by Ishu Bansal 5 years, 4 months ago (9263366)
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Toko Yall 5 years, 4 months ago (9674230)
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Satyam Prajapati 5 years ago (10647584)
Posted by Gandharv Patil 5 years, 4 months ago (9732171)
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Bhoori Singh 5 years, 4 months ago (8772496)
Gaming Champion 5 years, 4 months ago (8830018)
Yash Narang 5 years, 4 months ago (9732568)
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
Computer networks have become invaluable to organizations as well as individuals. Some of its main uses are as follows − Information and Resource Sharing − Computer networks allow organizations having units which are placed apart from each other, to share information in a very effective manner. Sharing devices such as printers saves money. Site (software ) licences are likely to be cheaper than buying several standalone licences. Files can easily be shared between users. Network users can communicate by email and instant messenger . ... Data is easy to backup as all the data is stored on the file server .
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes. They are identified by hostnames and network addresses. The purpose of networking is the exchange of information, advice, and referrals, via the informational interview process, to assist in attaining your goal of changing careers.
Posted by Harini Gopi 5 years, 4 months ago (7019611)
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Yash Narang 5 years, 4 months ago (9732568)
Posted by Mr Aryan Pandey 5 years, 4 months ago (7481230)
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Gurjot Kaur 5 years, 4 months ago (9555499)
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Posted by Sushant Chandra 5 years, 4 months ago (9573861)
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Nikhita Bolake 5 years, 4 months ago (9515180)
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
Veda, (Sanskrit: “Knowledge”) a collection of poems or hymns composed in archaic Sanskrit by Indo-European-speaking peoples who lived in northwest India during the 2nd millennium bce. There are four Indo-Aryan Vedas: the Rig Veda contains hymns about their mythology; the Sama Veda consists mainly of hymns about religious rituals; the Yajur Veda contains instructions for religious rituals; and the Atharva Veda consists of spells against enemies, sorcerers, and diseases.
Posted by Anushka Yadav 5 years, 4 months ago (9177062)
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Kashish . 5 years, 4 months ago (7689308)
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. Romanticism, a cultural movement, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. It generally criticised the glorification of reason and Science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
Posted by Laavanyar Laavanyar 5 years, 4 months ago (9644839)
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
The unitary method is a technique for solving a problem by first finding the value of a single unit, and then finding the necessary value by multiplying the single unit value. In essence, this method is used to find the value of a unit from the value of a multiple, and hence the value of a multiple. Unitary state, a system of political organization in which most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government, in contrast to a federal state.
Posted by Anisha Khatun 5 years, 4 months ago (9731988)
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Arnav Sharma 5 years, 3 months ago (9852747)
Tapaswini Swain 5 years, 4 months ago (9170533)
Anshika Princess 5 years, 4 months ago (8613484)
Posted by Ram Yadav 5 years, 4 months ago (9731857)
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Posted by Geetanjali Devi 5 years, 4 months ago (9611049)
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
An applied force is an interaction of one object on another that causes the second object to accelerate or change velocity or direction. The force can be a push, pull, or drag. The resulting direction of an object depends on the relative direction of the force on the object. When air is sucked out of a drinking straw, the air pressure inside if decreases and the atmospheric pressure outside forces the liquid to go inside the straw. ... Skis have a large area to reduce the pressure on the snow.
Posted by Ram Yadav 5 years, 4 months ago (9731857)
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Posted by Ibakmen Synrem 5 years, 4 months ago (9709079)
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
An indifference curve is a graph showing combination of two goods that give the consumer equal satisfaction and utility. Each point on an indifference curve indicates that a consumer is indifferent between the two and all points give him the same utility. The theory of indifference curves was developed by Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, who explained in his 1881 book the mathematics needed for their drawing; later on, Vilfredo Pareto was the first author to actually draw these curves, in his 1906 book. An indifference curve is a graphical representation of a combined products that gives similar kind of satisfaction to a consumer thereby making them indifferent. Every point on the indifference curve shows that an individual or a consumer is indifferent between the two products as it gives him the same kind of utility.
Posted by Bam Dev Mahato 5 years, 4 months ago (8726619)
- 1 answers
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
DdNTP are useful in the analysis of DNA's structure as it stops the polymerisation of a DNA strand during a DNA replication, producing different lengths of DNA strands replicated from a template strand. Chain termination sequencing involves the synthesis of new strands of DNA complementary to a single-stranded template (step I). The template DNA is supplied with a mixture of all four deoxynucleotides, four dideoxynucleotides--each labeled with a different color fluorescent tag, and DNA polymerase (step II).
Posted by Muskan Singh 5 years, 4 months ago (9468188)
- 1 answers
Gaurav Seth 5 years, 3 months ago (2898529)
Diameter of Copper Sphere = 18 cm
Radius = 9 cm [Radius = Diameter / 2]
Length of cylindrical wire = 108 m or 10800 cm [ 1 m = 100 cm]
Let radius of cylindrical wire be R
Since wire is made by melting the sphere
∴ Volume of Cylindrical wire = Volume of Copper Sphere
[Volume of Cylinder = π × Radius² × height and
Volume of Sphere = (4/3)×π×Radius³]
∴ π × R² × 10800 = (4/3) × π × (9)³
Dividing both sides by π
R² × 10800 = (4/3) × (9)³
Taking Square Root of both sides
R = 0.30 cm
Radius of wire = 0.3 cm or 3 mm
[∵ Diameter = 2×Radius]
∴Diameter of wire = 0.6 cm or 6 mm
Posted by Arya Sharma 5 years, 4 months ago (9723179)
- 1 answers
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, which is a species of roundworm. Roundworms are a type of parasitic worm. Infections caused by roundworms are fairly common. Ascariasis is the most common roundworm infection. In mild or moderate ascariasis, the intestinal infestation can cause: Vague abdominal pain. Nausea and vomiting. Diarrhea or bloody stools.
Posted by Arya Sharma 5 years, 4 months ago (9723179)
- 2 answers
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen. An antibody is a protein that is synthesized by an animal in response to the presence of a foreign substance in our body, called an antigen. They play a great role in the immune system, and are usually found in blood and other bodily fluids. Antibodies are created by white blood cells, or more specifically, B cells.
Posted by Arya Sharma 5 years, 4 months ago (9723179)
- 1 answers
Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago (2577571)
- Cell- mediated immunity- The immunity which is mediated by T- lymphocytes by directly attaching themselves to the antigens is called cell mediated immunity.
Posted by Arya Sharma 5 years, 4 months ago (9723179)
- 2 answers
Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago (2577571)
Ringworm can be caused by the following ways:
- It spreads by skin contact with an infected person.
- It spreads from pets and cows. One should wash hands properly after playing with the pets.
- The fungus causing ringworm might be found lingering on clothes, comb, towels and brushes.
- These fungi are mainly present in the spores of soil. Coming into contact with such soil will result in an infection.
Posted by Akshit Sehgal 5 years, 4 months ago (9501892)
- 2 answers
Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago (6237)
Human Resource Department is an integral part of any organization. Also, the Human Resource Manager (HRM) is a member of the management. Four basic functions of Human Resource Management are Planning, Directing, Controlling and Organizing. Human resource management is a central pillar of many organizations. ... In short, human resource activities fall under the following five core functions: staffing, development, compensation, safety and health, and employee and labor relations. Within each of these core functions, HR conducts a wide variety of activities.
Posted by Palak J 5 years, 4 months ago (9585326)
- 3 answers

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Nikhita Bolake 5 years, 4 months ago (9735964)
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