Sociology tries to understand the social life of particular times only on the basis of historical influences whereas History is a compilation of the events of the past.

• History focuses on the study of the past, whereas Sociology shows interest in contemporary scene or recent past.
• History emphasises on the differences in the similar events but Sociology deals with the similarities in different events.
• Sociology takes help of history to understand modem society because sociologists can get social facts of ancient society from history.

• Society is the web of social relationship.
• Sociology is a system of usage and procedures of authority and mutual aid of many groupings and division of control of human behaviour and of liberties. (Maciver and Page).
• This definition of sociology emphasies that main features of society are usage, procedure, authority, mutual aid, group and division and liberties.
• Usage means accepted ways (norms) of the society.
• Procedure refers to social institutions like family or marriage which is important for social network.
• Authority means a system which controls the units of society (Individual) or maintains social web.
• Groups and division mean groups and subgroups in which the individual interacts and learn social norms.
• Control of human behaviour refers to social control and freedom to the individuals in the form of written or unwritten norms which are important for smooth functioning of social network.
• Above mentioned elements are different aspects of society and web of social relationship, according to Maciver and Page.

According to Maciver and Page, ‘Society is a web of social relationships’.
It is the union itself, the organisation, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together.
Society is not simply a group of people, it is a system of relationship that exists between the individual of the group.

According to Harry M. Johnson, society has following characteristics:

• Definite territory: Society is a territorial group.
• Progeny: The members of a society came by means of human reproduction within the group of people.
• Culture: Society is always culturally sufficient.
• Independence: Society is permanent, self contained and an integrated group. The members of the group are interdependent.

The history of origin and development of Sociology in India is more than 4000 years old. The fundamental source of social ideology was religion. During Indian Vedic era, a systematic development of different social institutions of society was prevalent. Sociology in India has been influenced by various internal processes particularly the colonial regime which tried to prove their cultural superiority in comparison of Indian culture.

First of all, Sociology courses were taught at Calcutta University in the Department of Economics, Political Science, Human Geography and Anthropology. This was pioneered by philosopher Brajendra Nath Seal, Benoy Sarkar, anthropologist K.P. Chattopadhyay and human geographer Nirmal Bose.

• In 1914, the Department of Sociology was started for PG students of economics.
  As Sociology is defined today have been first of all introduced in India in Bombay University under the guidance of Prof. Patriels in 1919.
• In 1923, Mysore University introduced Sociology in BA course as a separate subject. Presently Sociology is being taught in most of the Indian universities as a BA pass or BA honours course and PG courses.
• Presently the premier institutes of India like JNU, Delhi School of Economics, Tata Institute of Social Science have special professional courses in Sociology.
• Indian sociologists who contributed significantly to make their subject flourish are Dr. Radha Kamal Mukherjee, Prof. P.N. Prabhu, Prof. Wadia, Prof. Shrinivas, Dr. R.N. Saxena, Prof. R.R. Shastri, Prof. Kapadia, Prof. N. Prasad, Prof. T.K. Oomen, Prof. S.C. Dubey, Prof Andrea.

Consider a polynomial f(x) which is divided by (x-c), then f(c)=0.

Using remainder theorem,

f(x)= (x-c)q(x)+f(c)

Where f(x) is the target polynomial and q(x) is the quotient polynomial.

Since, f(c) = 0, hence,

f(x)= (x-c)q(x)+f(c)

f(x) = (x-c)q(x)+0

f(x) = (x-c)q(x)

Therefore, (x-c) is a factor of the polynomial f(x).

Another Method

By <a href="https://byjus.com/maths/remainder-theorem/">remainder theorem</a>,

f(x)= (x-c)q(x)+f(c)

If (x-c) is a factor of f(x), then the remainder must be zero.

(x-c) exactly divides f(x)

Therefore, f(c)=0.

The following statements are equivalent for any polynomial f(x)

• The remainder is zero when f(x) is exactly divided by (x-c)
• (x-c) is a factor of f(x)
• c is the solution to f(x)
• c is a zero of the function f(x), or f(c) =0

• Sociology is a comprehensive study of whole society.
• Sociology is a descriptive and analytical discipline concerned with the structural aspects of human society.
• Sociology is the science of human relations.

There are many reasons attributed to the fall of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

1. The Harappan cities were destroyed by invaders who were probably the Aryans.
2. Natural calamities such as floods, earthquakes and epidemics might have destroyed the civilisation.
3. River Indus might have changed its course and turned the region into a desert.

A n s w e r ;

Distance covered by the car = 89.1 km.

Time required to cover this distance = 2.2 hours.

So distance covered by it in 1 hour = 89.1 / 2.2 = 891 / 22 = 40.5 km.

The hilum is basically a bundle of ‘tubes’ entering and exiting the kidney. The structures in this bundle include the renal artery that supplies the kidney with blood, the renal vein which drains blood from the kidney back to the inferior vena cava and then the heart, the ureter which conveys urine produced in the kidneys down to the bladder

ANSWER

A nephron is the basic filtration unit of the kidney. It is a cluster of thin-walled blood capillaries. There are different parts of the nephron in which the formation of urine take place which is the main function of the kidney. 

• Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus are together called as the glomerular apparatus. 
• There are afferent and efferent arterioles which bring and carry the blood way. 
• The blood is filtered by the glomerulus and enters the Bowman's capsule where the podocytes help in the filtration and the glomerular filtrate is formed. 
• When the glomerular filtrate comes to the proximal tubule then the essential nutrients are reabsorbed. 
• There are two limbs of the loop of Henle, ascending and descending limb. 
• The countercurrent exchange mechanism occurs which help in the regulation of the water and ions in the blood. 
• When the glomerular filtrate is in the proximal tubule creatinine, uric acid are secreted in it. 
• When the filtrate goes to the distal convoluted tubule urea, potassium ion and some hydrogen ions are secreted in it. 
• The urine which is formed is transported by the collecting tubules to the renal pelvis. 
• The urine is transported out by the ureters to the urinary bladder to store and excrete the urine from urethra.

No. of Particles = given mass/Gram Atomic/Molecular Mass x Avogadro's Number

Gram atomic mass of oxygen = 16u (given)

Given mass = 1g

No. of atoms = 1/16 x 6.022 x 10²²

= 0.376375 x 10²² = 3.763 x 10²¹ atoms

So, X = 3.763 x 10²¹

Similarly, for aluminum,

No of atoms = 1/27 x 6.022 x 10²²

≈ 2.230 x 10²¹ atoms

A cuboidal vessel is 10 m long and 8 m wide. How high must it be made to hold 380 cubic metres of a liquid?

Let the height of the cuboidal vessel be h m. l = 10 m b = 8 m
Capacity of the cuboidal vessel = 380 m³

                 lbh = 380
         (10)(8)h = 380

Hence, the cuboidal vessel must be made 4.75 m high.

Domestic Services by Women. In India, most women generally look after domestic affairs like cooking of food, washing of clothes, cleaning of utensils, looking after children, etc. They are not treated as economic/productive activities.

This is mainly because of two reasons:

(i) Such activities are performed out of love and affection and hence their valuation is not possible.

(ii) They do not add to the flow of goods and services in the economy.

1. This world can’t be studied in isolation. The mechanical view of the world gives a distorted picture. We need to develop a holistic view of the world. It is a comprehensive view of the world with all its natural resources and species. Human beings are just a part of it. Like a human body this earth is a living organism. It has its own metabolism. We should not destroy this natural growth and functioning of the world.

Causes of the French Revolution:

Despotic rule of Louis XVI: He became the ruler of France in 1774. He had drained the financial resources of France in wars. For the cost of his regular extravagant expenses, he increased taxes which were paid by the third estate.
Division of French society: The French society was divided into three estates; first, second and third estates, respectively. Among them, First and Second Estates had 10 per cent of the total population and were the clergy and nobles. They enjoyed all privileges. Rest of the 90 per cent was of the third estate, which paid all kinds of direct or indirect taxes. This kind of discrimination led to the revolution by the third estate.
Rising prices: The population of France had increased. This resulted into more demand of food grains. So the price of bread rose rapidly, which the poor could not afford to buy. So the gap between the rich and poor widened.
Inspiration of the philosophers: Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu propagated the ideas of having a society where people would enjoy freedom, equal laws and equal opportunities. Their ideas inspired the people of France to realise their dreams.
Role of middle class: The 18th century witnessed the emergence of social groups termed as middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding trade of the manufactured goods, being exported. There were other professionals also like lawyers, administrative officials who were all educated. They believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.

Role of philoshopers:

(i) The philosophers played an important role in the French Revolution. They inspired the common mass of France with their revolutionary ideas and prepared them to fight against injustices. 
(ii) They did not believe in the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch. In his Two Treatises of Government John Locke refuted this doctrine strongly. 
(iii) Rousseau carried the idea forward proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. 
(iv) In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. 
(v) The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and spread among people through books and newspapers. These were frequently read aloud in groups for the benefit of those who were illiterate. Thus, the philosophers contributed a lot in bringing of the French Revolution.

Match the Map and the Photo

1) Have you seen a map of a city? Look at Map 1. Match it with the photo and find out where India Gate is. Draw it on the map.

2) Some roads are shown in this part of the map. Look for them in the photo.

3) Name roads that you will cross on your way from Rashtrapati Bhawan to India Gate.

4) Look for the National Stadium in Map 1. Can you see it in the photo?

Answer.

1) Yes, I have seen a map of a city. After matching the map with the photo, we can find the position of India Gate as shown below.

2) The roads shown in the map are clearly visible in the photo.

3) The roads which I will cross on my way from Rashtrapati Bhavan to India Gate are:

Rafi Marg, Janpath and Man Singh Road.

4) The National Stadium is seen in Map 1, but cannot be seen in the photo.

 Hiawatha was a young Red Indian boy. He lived with his old grand-mother, Nokomis in a Wigwam. Hiawatha learnt to love birds and animals from his grandmother. He used to talk to them whenever he met them. Birds and animals also loved him and talked to him. All birds and animals were his friends. He learnt their languages, their names and all their secrets. He called the birds ‘Hiawatha’s Chickens’ and animals ‘Hiawatha’s Brothers’.

Match the Map and the Photo

1) Have you seen a map of a city? Look at Map 1. Match it with the photo and find out where India Gate is. Draw it on the map.

2) Some roads are shown in this part of the map. Look for them in the photo.

3) Name roads that you will cross on your way from Rashtrapati Bhawan to India Gate.

4) Look for the National Stadium in Map 1. Can you see it in the photo?

Answer.

1) Yes, I have seen a map of a city. After matching the map with the photo, we can find the position of India Gate as shown below.

2) The roads shown in the map are clearly visible in the photo.

3) The roads which I will cross on my way from Rashtrapati Bhavan to India Gate are:

Rafi Marg, Janpath and Man Singh Road.

4) The National Stadium is seen in Map 1, but cannot be seen in the photo.