Different fuels produce different amounts of heat on burning.

The amount of heat produced by the complete burning or combustion of 1Kilogram of a fuel is called its calorific value.

The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in the unit of Kilojoules per kilogram.

For Ex:The calorific value of kerosene is 45000KJ/Kg  means when 1Kg of kerosene is burned completely then 45000 KJ of heat energy is produced.

The calorific value of a fuel is also known as heat value.

The calorific value of LPG is 55000KJ/Kg  means when 1Kg of LPG is burned completely then 55000 KJ of heat energy is produced.

भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक मुद्रा की पूर्ति के वैकल्पिक मापों को चार रूपों में प्रकाशित करता है, नामत: M₁, M₂, M₃ और M₄ ।
ये सभी निम्नलिखित तरह से परिभाषित किये जाते हैं:
            M₁ = C + DD + OD
            M₂ = M₁ + डाकघर बचत बैंकों में बचत जमाएँ 
            M₃ = M₁ + व्यावसायिक बैंकों की निवल आवधिक जमाएँ
            M₄ = M₃ + डाकघर बचत संस्थाओं में कुल जमाएँ 
जहाँ ,
           C = जनता के पास करेंसी 
          DD = माँग जमाएँ 
          OD = रिज़र्व बैंक के पास अन्य जमाएँ 
M₁ and M₂ संकुचित मुद्रा (Narrow Money) कहलाती है। M₃ और M₄ को व्यापक मुद्रा (Broad Money) कहते हैं।
M₁ संव्यवहार के लिए सबसे तरल और आसान है, जबकि M₄ इनमें सबसे कम तरल है।

उत्तर:
जब समग्र पूर्ति, समग्र माँग से अपेक्षाकृत अधिक होती है तो इसे न्यून माँग कहते हैं। ऐसी स्थिति में उत्पादक उत्पादन में कमी करता है। माँग कम होने पर वह उत्पादित माल को बेच नहीं पाता है। अत: उसके पास तैयार माल स्टॉक के रूप में जमा होता जाता है तथा कीमत कम होने लगती है।

As we know that the L.C.M for 4 and 2 is 4

Now,

1/4 = 1/4

1/2 = (1×2)/4 

= 2/4

1/4 = (1×20 / 4×20)

= 20/80

1/2 = (2×20 / 4×20) 

= 40/80

Here, we now know that 21, 22, 23,…39 are integers between numerators 20 and 40.

Hence the rational numbers between 1/4 and 1/2 are 21/80, 22/80, 23/80, …., 39/80

The experience of the peddler at the manor of the Will Manssons made the peddler change his ways. Earlier he had never known a true sympathizer or well-wisher. He had no friend to steer him on the right path. Though the crofter was hospitable to him and even the ironmaster had almost offered him help, they failed to leave any impact on him. It was Edla who, through her genuine care and understanding, was finally able to change the peddler for the better.

The company brought reinforcements from England, passed new laws so that the rebels could be convicted with ease, and then moved into the storm centres of the revolt. Delhi was recaptured from the rebel forces in September 1857.
 

The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court and sentenced to life imprisonment. His sons were shot dead before his eyes. He and his wife Begum Zinat Mahal were sent to prison in Rangoon in October 1858. Bahadur Shah Zafar died in the Rangoon jail in November 1862.

The recapture of Delhi, however, did not mean that the rebellion died down after that. People continued to resist and battle the British. The British had to fight for two years to suppress the massive forces of popular rebellion.

2. Solve:

(a) 1 / 18 + 1 / 18

(b) 8 / 15 + 3 / 15

(c) 7 / 7 – 5 / 7

(d) 1 / 22 + 21 / 22

(e) 12 / 15 – 7 / 15

(f) 5 / 8 + 3 / 8

(g) 1 – 2 / 3 (1 = 3 / 3)

(h) 1 / 4 + 0 / 4

(i) 3 – 12 / 5

Solutions:

(a) 1 / 18 + 1 / 18

= (1 + 1) / 18

= 2 / 18

= 1 / 9

(b) 8 / 15 + 3 / 15

= (8 + 3) / 15

= 11 / 15

(c) 7 / 7 – 5 / 7

= (7 – 5) / 7

= 2 / 7

(d) 1 / 22 + 21 / 22

= (1 + 21) / 22

= 22 / 22

= 1

(e) 12 /15 – 7 / 15

= (12 – 7) / 15

= 5 / 15

= 1 / 3

(f) 5 / 8 + 3 / 8

= (5 + 3) / 8

= 8 / 8

= 1

(g) 1 – 2 / 3

= 3 / 3 – 2 / 3

= (3 – 2) / 3

= 1 / 3

(h) 1 / 4 + 0

= 1/ 4

(i) 3 – 12 / 5

= 15 / 5 – 12/ 5

= (15 – 12) / 5

= 3 / 5

National Income and Related Aggregates class 12 Notes Economics in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides accounting for partnership firm’s fundamentals class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based annual examinations. Class 12 Economics notes on chapter 5 accounting for partnership firm’s fundamentals are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.

Click on the given link:

<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/national-income-related-aggregates-class-12-notes-economics/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://mycbseguide.com/blog/national-income-related-aggregates-class-12-notes-economics/&ved=2ahUKEwiy1M_F6rXsAhWZ7HMBHb5sCWoQFjADegQIAhAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">National Income and Related Aggregates class 12 Notes ...</a>

ideas of freedom, equality and participation

India became independent on 15 August 1947. Many sections of society participated in the struggle. People from various backgrounds joined the struggle and they were inspired by the ideas of freedom, equality and participation in decision making. Under colonial rule, the people had lived in fear of the British government and did not agree with many of the decisions that they took. But they faced grave danger if they tried to criticise these decisions. The freedom movement changed this situation. The nationalists began to openly criticise the British government and make demands. 

The role of Bacteria in Agriculture:

• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into forms of nitrogenous compounds usable by plants is. bacteria living in the root nodules of legume plants fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Microorganisms in the soil convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium compounds, thereby enabling the plants and animals. Nitrogen is an essential constituent of nucleic acids, chlorophyll and vitamins. Rhizobium, Azobacter and Clostridium are species of bacteria which are capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants. Plants cannot use nitrogen in elemental form; hence the role of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria becomes very important

• Nitrifying bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria convert nitrogenous waste from dead plants and animals present in the soil into nitrates by the process called as nitrification. In this process, certain ammonifying bacteria like Bacillus and Clostridium first convert nitrogenous waste into ammonia. This ammonia is then converted into ammonium compounds by the same ammonifying bacteria. The ammonium compounds are then converted into nitrites by nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrococcus and then into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrobacter.

• Denitrifying bacteria

Denitrifying bacteria like Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis are also present in the soil. These bacteria break down nitrates in the soil and release free nitrogen gas, which then enters the atmosphere.

• Scavenging Role

 Saprophytic bacteria obtain food from organic remains such as animal excreta, fallen leaves, meat etc. They decompose these substances by the action of digestive enzymes aerobically or anaerobically (known as fermentation). Thus they help in sanitation of nature, so also known as scavengers. E.g.Pseudomonas.

• Production of fuel

Bacteria, while converting animal dung and other organic wastes to manure, help in the production of fuel that is a must in gobar gas plant.

• Disposal of sewage

 Bacteria help in disposal of sewage by decomposing it and thus, help in environmental sanitation.

 A survey procedure comprises the following steps:
Step 1: Planning the Survey: In this step, the entrepreneur to deal with the following:
(a) Define: Define the problem clearly and accurately.
(b) Method: Select the most appropriate method to conduct the survey from the various methods available viz. personal interview, Telephonic etc.
(c) Area: Entrepreneur has to decide the area and extent of the study. Census survey can be selected if all the units of the universe are to be contacted or sample survey if select units are to be taken.
(d) Questionnaire development: Questionnaire should provide the information which entrepreneur wants to know and is based on his objectives. Questionnaire should not be complicated and should be properly worded.
Step 2: Fieldwork: Here, the entrepreneur ensures that:
(a) Recruitment and Training: Investigators are scientifically recruited or properly trained for the work.
(b) Supervision: Survey is properly supervised.
(c) Time schedule: The time schedule is adhered to this care is taken.
(d) Recording: Responses are honestly and accurately recorded.
(e) Meticulous collection: The collection of data is done meticulously.
Step 3: Analysis and Interpretation of Data: Here the entrepreneur either by using software program or by hand, tabulate the collected data. The care is taken that:
(a) Data is edited
(b) Data is tabulated processed and interpreted
(c) Data is statistical analysed and interpretations are recorded accordingly.
Step 4: Report Making: In this step market research reports with main findings from the study. Here a summary of what the study revealed, along with a list of various recommendations for the enterprise’s continual growth and success in the market is done. This report is the basis for taking any decision related to the enterprise

(i) A survey procedure comprises the following steps:
Step 1: Planning the Survey: In this step, the entrepreneur to deal with the following:
(a) Define: Define the problem clearly and accurately.
(b) Method: Select the most appropriate method to conduct the survey from the various methods available viz. personal interview, Telephonic etc.
(c) Area: Entrepreneur has to decide the area and extent of the study. Census survey can be selected if all the units of the universe are to be contacted or sample survey if select units are to be taken.
(d) Questionnaire development: Questionnaire should provide the information which entrepreneur wants to know and is based on his objectives. Questionnaire should not be complicated and should be properly worded.
Step 2: Fieldwork: Here, the entrepreneur ensures that:
(a) Recruitment and Training: Investigators are scientifically recruited or properly trained for the work.
(b) Supervision: Survey is properly supervised.
(c) Time schedule: The time schedule is adhered to this care is taken.
(d) Recording: Responses are honestly and accurately recorded.
(e) Meticulous collection: The collection of data is done meticulously.
Step 3: Analysis and Interpretation of Data: Here the entrepreneur either by using software program or by hand, tabulate the collected data. The care is taken that:
(a) Data is edited
(b) Data is tabulated processed and interpreted
(c) Data is statistical analysed and interpretations are recorded accordingly.
Step 4: Report Making: In this step market research reports with main findings from the study. Here a summary of what the study revealed, along with a list of various recommendations for the enterprise’s continual growth and success in the market is done. This report is the basis for taking any decision related to the enterprise.
(ii) Market survey is not an useless tool because of following reasons:
(a) Customer oriented: Market survey informs accurately about the customer’s needs, wants, nature of demand, likes and dislikes and all other related aspects of movement of products from the production stage till the consumption. This provide an edge over competitors to the enterprise.
(b) Minimises risk of the enterprise: The systematic and intelligent use of market survey reduces and minimizes the risk of decision-making under the conditions of uncertainty. This is because the results are analyzed in order to finalize a business plan.
(c) Goal oriented for a firm: Market survey helps in the attainment of goals of the enterprise smoothly and timely. This is because the market survey is designed with the goals and objectives of the enterprise.
(d) Provide correct picture of the markets: As market survey as is a systematic collection, recording, analysis and interpretation of data, relating to the existing or potential market, it thus provides a complete overview of the market.
(e) Helps in Forecasting: Accurate, effective and timely sales forecast is provided by the market survey. This in turn promotes the firmness and soundness to the marketing decisions. Future decisions become more reliable due to market survey.

a computer is an electronic device which takes input data from the user, then processes it and returns the required output data. Input and output data may contain numbers, words, pictures, videos or sounds. A computer can process data at a very high speed without making any mistake and has a huge storage capacity.

The answer is 26 [most probably]

First find x

3[x]+2 = 2[x+4]  [given]

3x + 2 = 2x + 8

3x - 2x = 8 - 2

therefore x = 6

Now,  y=3[x]+2 or y = 2[x+4] 

Putting the value of x ,

we get y = 20

now x+y = 20 + 6

= 26

(i) Bastions were made to safeguard the fort from enemies.

(ii) Big holes were made in the bastions to see at a distance and attack on enemies coming towards the fort from several directions. 

(iii) Bastions are built at a height and provide space to look on distant places from several directions. Soldiers can peep through its holes safely. However, with flat walls one could see in one particular direction only.