The sound which is unpleasant for our ears is called noise while music is the sound which is pleasant for our ears. Music becomes noise sometimes when it crosses the bearable range of sound for our ears

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The sound which is unpleasant for our ears is called noise while music is the sound which is pleasant for our ears. Music becomes noise sometimes when it crosses the bearable range of sound for our ears.

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2H2​+O2​→2H2​O H_2+Cl_2\rightarrow 2HClH2​+Cl2​→2HCl PbSO_4+Zn\rightarrow ZnSO_4+PbPbSO4​+Zn→ZnSO4​+Pb 4B+3O_2\rightarrow 2B_2O_34B+3O2​→2B2​O3​ 2Al+6HCl\rightarrow 2AlCl_3+3H_22Al+6HCl→2AlCl3​+3H2​ N_2+O_2\rightarrow 2NON2​+O2​→2NO P_4+3O_2\rightarrow P_4O_6P4​+3O2​→P4​O6​ 4NH_3+5O_2\rightarrow 6H_2O+4NO4NH3​+5O2​→6H2​O+4NO Mg+2HNO_3\rightarrow Mg(NO_3)_2+H_2Mg+2HNO3​→Mg(NO3​)2​+H2​ Hg+S\rightarrow HgSHg+S→HgS CaO+SO_2\rightarrow CaSO_3CaO+SO2​→CaSO3​ MgO+H_2SO_4\rightarrow MgSO_4+H_2OMgO+H2​SO4​→MgSO4​+H2​O Zn+2H_2O\rightarrow Zn(OH)_2+H_2Zn+2H2​O→Zn(OH)2​+H2​ MgSO_4+Na_2CO_3\rightarrow MgCO_3+Na_2SO_4MgSO4​+Na2​CO3​→MgCO3​+Na2​SO4​ Cl_2+2F_2\rightarrow 2ClF_3Cl2​+2F2​→2ClF3​ Xe+3F_2\rightarrow XeF_6Xe+3F2​→XeF6​ Al_2O_3.2H_2O\rightarrow Al_2O_3+2H_2OAl2​O3​.2H2​O→Al2​O3​+2H2​O 2PbS+3O_2\rightarrow 2PbO+2SO_22PbS+3O2​→2PbO+2SO2​ 2HgO\rightarrow 2Hg+O_22HgO→2Hg+O2​ Cr_2O_3+2Al\rightarrow Al_2O_3+2CrCr2​O3​+2Al→Al2​O3​+2Cr

Society is a continuous process. It functions in a natural way. Society is not imposed upon people rather it is accepted by the members. The most important part in the functioning of society is negotiations. Due to social interaction society gets constituted and reconstituted.

Renaissance means ‘rebirth’. It occurred in Italy in the fifteenth century. A new movement of knowledge started in Europe after a long dark age of ignorance. The people of Europe again began to take interest in European ancient culture and civilisation.

The term ‘Renaissance’ literally means rebirth or revival. It was a complex transitional movement which took place in Europe between 14^th to 17^th centuries. It stressed on rational thinking and humanism. During Renaissance, many developments took place in literature, art, architecture, science and technology. It marked the beginning of the modern era in Europe.

1. Christians had believed that the earth was a sinful place and the heavy burden of sin made it immobile. The earth stood at the centre of the universe around which moved the celestial planets.

2. Copernicus asserted that the planets, including the earth, rotate around the sun. A devout Christian, Copernicus was afraid of the possible reaction to his theory by traditionalist clergymen. For this reason, he did not want his manuscript, De revolutionibus (the Rotation) to be printed. On his deathbed, he gave it to his follower, Joachim Rheticus.

3. It took time for people to accept this idea. It was much later - more than half a century later, in fact - that the difference between ‘heaven’ and earth was bridged through the writings of astronomers like Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642).

4. The theory of the earth as part of a sun-centred system was made popular by Kepler's Cosmographical Mystery, which demonstrated that the planets move around the sun not in circles but in ellipses. Galileo confirmed the notion of the dynamic world in his work The Motion. This revolution in science reached its climax with Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation.

The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation is known as the Counter-Reformation which resulted in a reassertion of traditional doctrines and the emergence of new religious orders aimed at both moral reform and new missionary activity.

Women in France did not avail respectable status in society. They were considered much inferior to men before the Revolution. Most of them of the third estate had to work for a living. 

They worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market or were employed as domestic servants in the houses of wealthy people. 

Most women did not have access to education or job training. Only daughters of nobles or weathier members of the third estate could get education. 

Working women had to take care of their families. They had to cook, fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children. Their wages were always lower than those of men.

Agriculture in the Middle Ages describes the farming practices, crops, technology, and agricultural society and economy of Europe from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 to approximately 1500. The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Medieval Age or Period. The Middle Ages are also divided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. The early modern period followed the Middle Ages.

Farming in the Middle Ages

Epidemics and climatic cooling caused a large decrease in the European population in the 6th century. Compared to the Roman period, agriculture in the Middle Ages in Western Europe became more focused on self-sufficiency. The Feudal period began about 1000. The agricultural population under feudalism in Northern Europe was typically organized into manors consisting of several hundred or more acres of land presided over by a Lord of the manor, with a Roman Catholic church and priest. Most of the people living on the manor were peasant farmers or serfs who grew crops for themselves, and either labored for the lord and church or paid rent for their land. Barley and wheat were the most important crops in most European regions; oats and rye were also grown, along with a variety of vegetables and fruits. Oxen and horses were used as draft animals. Sheep were raised for wool and pigs were raised for meat.

Crop failures due to bad weather were frequent throughout the Middle Ages and famine was often the result. Despite the hardships, there is anthropometric evidence that medieval European men were taller (and therefore presumably better fed) than the men of the preceding Roman Empire and the subsequent early modern era.

The medieval system of agriculture began to break down in the 14th century with the development of more intensive agricultural methods in the Low Countries and after the population losses of the Black Death in 1347–1351 made more land available to a diminished number of farmers. Medieval farming practices, however, continued with little change in the Slavic regions and some other areas until the mid-19th century.

 

1. Arab's Contribution in the Field of Science :

(i) The Arabs produced great physicians like Al-Razi and Ibn-Sina who respectively discovered the true nature of smallpox and tuberculosis. They organised hospitals, for the treatment of the infectious diseases.

ii). In Mathematics the Arabs spread the knowledge of numbers and trigonometry in the other regions of the world Omar-Khayyam a great Mathematicians of Arab devised a calendar which is more accurate than the present Christian Calendar.

iii). The Arab astronomers believed that the earth revolves round the sun.

Humanism was a restoration of true civilization after the Dark Age that had set in after the fall of the Roman Empire.

1. Humanism stressed on the individual skills. A person with many skills and interests have been referred to as the Renaissance man. The emerging belief in individual potential helped to identify a town by its citizens.

2. The Humanist thought had a very different idea of history. According to this thought only humanism could revive the long past true civilisation. This revival would enable to end the Dark Age that Europe was then passing through.

3. The establishment of the New Age would mark an end to the period of the supremacy of the Church. The basis of humanism is naturalism, which is antithetical to the beliefs of Christianity.

4. Humanism revived the classical Greek literature. The works of Aristotle and Plato were translated. Along with these subjects modern faculties such as chemistry, mathematics, natural science and astronomy also became a part of the college curriculum.

5. Not only formal education but also art, architecture and books were effective mediums of transmitting humanist ideas. Drawing realistic paintings and sculpting perfectly proportioned figures of men and women were expressions of humanism. Painters and sculptors started to rely on anatomy, geometry and physics to recreate reality.

The Italian city-states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian Peninsula between the 9th and the 15th centuries.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, urban settlements in Italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than in the rest of western Europe. Many of these towns were survivors of earlier Etruscan, Umbrian and Roman towns which had existed within the Roman Empire. The republican institutions of Rome had also survived. Some feudal lords existed with a servile labour force and huge tracts of land, but by the 11th century, many cities, including Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Lucca, Cremona, Siena, Città di Castello, Perugia, and many others, had become large trading metropoles, able to obtain independence from their formal sovereigns.

The chrisitian missionaries were attacked by many people in the country because they feared that the missionaries Would change the religion of tribal groups and lower-caste children. Yes, some people also would have supported them. This has the following reasons:
(i) The missionaries were setting up schools for tribal groups and lower caste children.
(ii) These children were thus equipped with some resources to make their way into a changing world. 

The poet chose such a road because grass has grown there and none had travelled so far on it.

Poet choose the second road

The statue was made because of the prince happiness

The story is named the happy prince as when the prince was flesh and bones (alive) he used to live in his palace away from all tragedies, problems, sadness, tension of the city and he always used to live very happy so the title is however justified

Mobile, television, newspaper, redio, laptop etc.

Schielden, Schwan and virchow

The biologist Schleiden and Schwann discovered the cell theory.

Schielden , Schwann and virchow where as Robert Hooke discovered cell .

The cell theory which states that all the plants and animals are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life was presented by two biologists, Schleiden (1838) and Schwann (1839).

Robert Hooke in the year 1665

Nerve cell

Nerve cell

The human egg (ovum) is the largest cell in the body and a nerve cell is the longest cell in the human body.

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