Word processing mainly involves operations like creating, editing, viewing, searching and replacing, formatting, saving and printing text. Various Word Processing Packages also allow us to design and include various pictures, graphs and charts in the text. With personal computers becoming quite affordable, their quality of being versatile and with the use of e-mail, office correspondance has improved a lot. Desktop Publishing has been revolutionized and the quality of results is astonishing.

Many softwares have been developed till now for Word Processing, e.g., Wordstar, Word Perfect, Page Maker, MS Word etc. Out of these, the most popular is MS Word (Microsoft Office) alongwith PowerPoint and Excel packages. This software needs a windows platform to work in. In this book MS Office 2010 has been used.

आज के ओलंपिक खेलों की जड़ें 2,800 साल पहले आयोजित प्राचीन ओलंपिक खेलों की हैं। "ओलंपियाड" के रूप में जाना जाता है, यह आयोजन प्राचीन ग्रीस के ओलंपिया क्षेत्र में हुआ था। इस की उत्पत्ति के संबंध में विभिन्न मत हैं। कहा जाता है कि यह आयोजन देवताओं की पूजा के लिए समर्पित एक एथलेटिक और कलात्मक त्योहार था। हालाँकि, प्राचीन ओलंपिक खेल कई संघर्षों से बाधित थे और आखिरकार 393 ईस्वी में समाप्त हो गए।

Tapetum is the innermost layer and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue. The cells of Tapetum have dense cytoplasm and generally more than one nuclei. Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen grains

Pollen grain consists of a two-layered cell wall. The outer harder layer is exine which is composed of sporopollenin, which is one of the most resistant biological material known. The inner layer is the intine.

Given,

10⁹ electron takes 1sec

So, 1 electron takes → 1/10⁹ ​sec

And we know, 1C=6.242×10¹⁸electron

∴6.242×1018electrons takes →6.242×10¹⁸​/10⁹

=6.242×10⁹ sec

= 6.242×10⁹​/ 60×60×24×365 years

=197.93years

≃198years

If 109 electrons move out of a body to another body every second, then 198years is required to get a total charge of 1C  on the other body.

The 67.7 million people belonging to Scheduled Tribes in India are generally considered to be Adivasis, literally meaning indigenous people or original inhabitants, and tribals though the term Scheduled Tribes is not coterminous with the term Adivasis. Scheduled Tribes is an administrative term used for purposes of administering certain specific constitutional privileges, protection and benefits for specific sections of peoples considered historically disadvantaged and backward.

The term Adivasi derives from the Hindi word 'adi' which means of earliest times or from the beginning and 'vasi' meaning inhabitant or resident, and it was coined in the 1930s, largely a consequence of a political movement to forge a sense of identity among the various indigenous peoples of India.

Face Value

In case of a public limited company the liability of the shareholder is to pay up to the Face value of shares. The company can at any time ask the shareholders to pay the unpaid calls on the shares.  In case of loss, shareholders are not liable to pay more than the nominal value of shares.Hence, its said that the liability of the shareholders is limited to the unpaid calls or nominal value of the shares.

Liability of a shareholder is limited to ……………… of the shares allotted to him 

Face value

Raut Nacha is a traditional folk dance usually done by Yadavs (a caste which considers itself as descendants of Krishna) as symbol of worship to Krishna. Done at the time of 'Dev Udhni Ekadashi' (time of awakening of Gods after brief rest) according to Hindu panchang (calendar). The dance is a close resemblance of Krishna's Raas leela (dance of lord with his village's girls called gopis) with gopis.
Sua (Folk music) is a dance song of Gond women of Chhattisgarh state. It is a song sung by women on the festival of Deepawali. Sua means 'parrot'. Sua is a bird that speaks rote things. In this folklore, women sing songs conveying messages through parrots. Through this song, women express their heart's feelings with the belief that Sua (the parrot) will convey the agony of their heart to their lover. Therefore, it is sometimes called the 'Viyog' song.

31 December, 2004

The killer Tsunami struck these islands five days ago. But hte vicitms are being brought in even now.  Each one has a story to tell. I met threee kids of the age group between 10-14 who lost their mother, two brothers and  their grandfather and uncle. They survived with their father who is manager in a cooperative society in Katchal.They said their brothers caught hold of their grandfacther and uncle and were swept away. Similarly, their mother was also washed away by a giant wave. 

10 year old Meghan was brought by the resucue team two days ago from the shore where she was walking in a daze. She along with her family and 77 other people was washed away by Tsunami but she was the only lucky fellow to get life. She was floating on a wooden door for two days.

Almas, a 10 years old school girl from Port Blair, is still traumatised who lost her parents grandfathers her aunts and was also washed away by the waves but somehow got a wooden log and saved her life. But what's the use?she has lost every beloved one and is now an orphan.

"Destiny plays an important role in life" This line comes in practical here on the islands of Andaman and Nicobar. There are dead bodies, chaos, fear, cries and despair spread

DEAR Diary..

Today's day was unforgettable day of my life.As we got to see the people worst hit by the tsunami to provide them releafe equipments such as Medicines. My assistance also tried to give food items to the people of Namoe village. We heard some people talking about a villager who had saved 5 peoples who has got stuck in the fallen woods,we met him and praised and Aditya written his name in this pad to give his name to government to praise him.

then we went to another many villages distributing medicines and food items.Looking thé bad condition of people I was very afraid about their life and health...hope they soon recover This damage by their efforts..

And also I sent the survey report to the releaf office. and advised them to take quick action.

although todays day was very tired but helping people and looking a smile on their faces provided releafe to my heart.

My Childhood” is an extract taken from the biography of APJ Abdul Kalam - ‘Wings of Fire’. He was a great scientist and also the 14th President of India. He was born in a middle - class Muslim family in 1931 in the island town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. In his childhood he was greatly influenced by his parents, his teachers and his friends. His father, Jainulabdeen, was not highly educated but he was a generous and kind person. He was not rich but provided a secure childhood to Abdul and his siblings. Abdul inherited honesty and self-discipline from his father and faith in goodness and deep kindness from his mother.

Kalam earned his first wages by working as a helping hand to his cousin, Samsuddin, who distributed newspapers in Rameswaram.

In his childhood he had three close friends- Ramanadha Sastry,Aravindam and Sivaprakashan. Once when he was in fifth standard, a new teacher asked him not to sit in the front row along with the high caste Brahmin boys. Abdul found Ramanadha Sastry weeping as he went to the last row. This made a lasting impression on Abdul.

Abdul was also greatly influenced by his science teacher, Sivasubramania Iyer. He learnt the lesson of breaking social barriers from him. Iyer invited him to his home for a meal. His wife refused to serve food to a Muslim boy in her pure kitchen. Iyer served him with his own hands and sat down beside him to eat his meal. He convinced his wife to serve meal with her own hands and thus was successful in changing her conservative attitude.

For higher education, Abdul Kalam sought permission from his father to leave Rameswaram and study at the district headquarters in Ramanathapuram. His father said that Abdul had to go a long way in life just like a seagull bird which flies long distances. He calmed down APJ’s reluctant mother by quoting Kahlil Gibran’s poem ‘Your children’. He said that her children could not be dominated by her because they had their own thoughts. They did not belong to her but were a result of life’s desire for itself. He asked her to give them freedom to fulfil their thoughts.

1. उर एक ऐसा शहर था, जिसके 1930 के दशक में घुमावदार सड़कों पर साधारण घरों की खुदाई की गई थी, जिससे पता चलता है कि कई घरों तक पहिए वाली गाड़ियां नहीं पहुंच सकती थीं। अनाज और जलाऊ लकड़ी के बोरे गधे-बक पर आ जाते।

संकीर्ण घुमावदार सड़कें और घर के भूखंडों की अनियमित आकृतियाँ भी शहर नियोजन की अनुपस्थिति का संकेत देती हैं। समकालीन मोहनजोदड़ो में हमें जिस तरह की सड़क नालियां मिली थीं, वे नहीं थीं
।
इसके बजाय उर घरों के आंतरिक आंगनों में नालियां और मिट्टी के पाइप पाए गए और यह सोचा गया कि घर की छतें अंदर की ओर खिसक गईं और बारिश के पानी को ड्रेनपाइप्स के माध्यम से * आंतरिक आँगन में डाला गया।

2. यह एक तरह से कच्ची सड़कों को एक मंदी के बाद अत्यधिक धीमी गति से बनने से रोकने का एक तरीका होता।

3. फिर भी लोगों को लगता है कि उनके घर के सभी लोग सड़कों पर बह गए हैं, ताकि वे दलित हो जाएँ! इससे सड़क का स्तर ऊंचा हो गया, और समय के साथ घरों की दहलीज को भी ऊपर उठाना पड़ा ताकि बारिश के बाद कोई कीचड़ अंदर न बहे।

खिड़कियों से नहीं बल्कि आंगन में खुलने वाले दरवाजों से लाइटकेम: यह परिवारों को अपनी निजता भी देता था।

घरों के बारे में अंधविश्वास थे, यूआर पर शगुन की गोलियों में दर्ज: एक उठाया सीमा धन लाया; एक सामने का दरवाजा जो दूसरे घर की ओर नहीं खुलता था वह भाग्यशाली था; लेकिन अगर किसी घर का मुख्य लकड़ी का दरवाजा बाहर की ओर (अंदर की तरफ) खुला हुआ हो, तो पत्नी अपने पति को पीड़ा देती है!
उर के बारे में कुछ तथ्यों का उल्लेख करें, जो कि खुदाई करने वाले शहरों में से एक है।

4. उर में एक नगर कब्रिस्तान था जिसमें शाही और आम लोगों की कब्रें मिली हैं, लेकिन कुछ व्यक्तियों को साधारण घरों के फर्श के नीचे दफन पाया गया था।

156             =2 x 2 x 3 x 13           =2² x 3 x 13

Menstruation is the process of the shedding of the uterine lining on a regular monthly basis. It begins at puberty and is the reproductive cycle of the female body. Every month, the uterus prepares itself to receive a fertilised egg. Therefore, the inner lining of the uterus becomes thick and is supplied with blood to nourish the embryo. If the egg is not fertilised, then the lining of the uterus breaks down and gets Released in the form of blood through the ******. This lasts for about two to eight days. This cycle occurs every month and is known as the menstrual cycle.

☆A group of several people marched towards the part of city and stormed the fortress-prison.

☆The Storming of the Bastille where they hoped to find weapons.


☆On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm.


☆The Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris.


☆At this point, the Bastille was nearly empty, housing only seven prisoners.


☆A mid the tensions of July 1789 the building remained as a symbol of royal tyranny.


☆The commander of Bastille was killed and prisoners were released. 

<a href="https://www.addintools.com/documents/excel/where-is-sort.html#classicmenu">Method A: Sort button in Excel 2007/2010/2013’s old Toolbar if you have Classic Menu for Office</a>

Under the Menus, you will get the old toolbars of Microsoft Excel 2003 in Excel 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019 and 365 Ribbon. Same as Excel 2003’s toolbar, you can get the Sort button in it directly:

Click Menus tab; Click the Data drop down menu; Then you will view the Sort command staying in the first of Data Menu drop down list.

Employee Stock Option Plan or ESOP is wherein company issues shares to its employees at a price that is lower than the market price. Employee gets an option to execute the offer with an objective of motivating employees to perform better and promote a sense of ownership.

Employee Stock Option Plan or ESOP is wherein company issues shares to its employees at a price that is lower than the market price. Employee gets an option to execute the offer with an objective of motivating employees to perform better and promote a sense of ownership.

Cellular respiration is a process that takes place inside the cells where energy is released by the breakdown of glucose molecules. The process can be conveniently divided into two categories based on the usage of oxygen, namely aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

1. The government decided to remove the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment around 1991 as it was realized that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe.

2. The removal of barriers meant that goods could be imported as well as exported easily and also foreign companies could set up their factories and offices in India. In addition, the government imposed much fewer restrictions of business activity within India who was allowed to take decisions freely.

3. It was also felt that competition would improve the performance of the producers within India as they would have to improve their quality of service in comparison to the foreign competition.

 WTO stands for World Trade Organisation. The major of the aim of WTO is that all barriers to foreign trade and investment should be removed as they are harmful to the growth of a country's economy in the long run. The practice of trading should be free between countries and that all the countries in the world should liberalize their policies. Shortcomings of the WTO

1. Although the WTO is to allow a free trade for all, in practice, it has been observed that the developed nations have unfairly retained trade barriers and manipulated the situation

2. It has also been observed that the WTO rules, formulated in an exploitative manner, have forced the developing nations to remove trade barriers and initiate policies of liberalization.