Transport of oxygen

• Haemoglobin is a red coloured iron containing pigment present in the RBCs.
• O₂ can bind with haemoglobin in a reversible manner to form oxyhaemoglobin.
• Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial pressure of O₂ and partial pressure of CO2, hydrogen ion concentration and temperature are the other factors which can interfere with this binding.
• A sigmoid curve is obtained when percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O₂ is plotted against the pO₂ and the curve is called the oxygen dissociation curve.
• pCO2, H⁺ concentration have effect on binding of O₂ with haemoglobin.
• In the alveoli, where there is high pO₂, low pCO₂, lesser H⁺ concentration and lower temperature, the factors are all favourable for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin, and where low pO₂, high pCO₂, high H⁺ concentration and higher temperature exist, the conditions are favourable for dissociation of oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin.
• Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around 5 ml of O₂ and each haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of four molecules of O₂.

1. The exchange of gases between air and blood takes place across the walls of the alveoli.
2. The human respiratory system:

• Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration, which is approx. 500 mL.
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Additional volume of air, a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration, which averages 2500 mL to 3000 mL.
• Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV ): Additional volume of air, a person can expire by a forcible expiration, which averages 1000 mL to 1100 mL.
• Residual Volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration, which averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.
• Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration, which includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume ( TV+IRV).
• Expiratory Capacity (EC): Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration, which includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume (TV+ERV).
• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration, which includes ERV+RV.
• Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration, which includes ERV, TV and IRV.
• Total Lung Capacity: Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration, which includes RV, ERV, TV and IRV.

MECHANISM OF BREATHING

• Breathing involves two stages :
• Inspiration- during which atmospheric air is drawn in.
• Expiration- during which the alveolar air is released out.
• Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure.
• Expiration takes place when the intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure.
• The diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles – external and internal intercostals between the ribs.
• The contraction of external inter-costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum causes an increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis.
• An increase in pulmonary volume decreases the intra-pulmonary pressure to less than the atmospheric pressure which forces the air from outside to move into the lungs.
• Relaxation of the diaphragm and the inter-costal muscles returns the diaphragm and sternum to their normal positions and reduce the thoracic volume and thereby the pulmonary volume, which leads to an increase in intra-pulmonary pressure to slightly above the atmospheric pressure causing the expulsion of air from the lungs.
• A healthy human breathes 12-16 times/minute.
• The volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using a spirometer.

Larynx – “Adam‟s apple” 

Glottis – Aperture in laryngopharynx which opens into trachea. 

Epiglottis – A cartilaginous flap present at the anterior margin of glottis. It projects into the pharynx opposite the uvula. During swallowing, larynx moves upward to close the glottis to check the entry of food into it. 

Trachea/ Windpipe – thin walled tube extends downward through the neck. 

Bronchi – Trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi in the middle of the thorax. 

Bronchioles – Bronchi divide and re-divide into tertiary bronchi which divide into alveolar ducts which enter into alveolar sacs. 

Lungs – Human respiratory organ, located in the thoracic cavity.  

Alveolar sac – In the lung, each alveolar duct opens into a blind chamber, the alveolar sac which appears like a small bunch of grapes. 

Alveoli / Air sacs – The central passage of each alveolar sac gives off several small pouches on all sides, the alveoli or air sacs. 

Alveolar wall – is very thin (0.0001 mm) wall composed of simple moist, non-ciliated, squamous epithelium which easily recoil and expand during breathing.

• The narrator risked flying the aeroplane straight into the cloudy storm and then found himself trapped in the black clouds. The compass began to turn round and round and twisted and jumped in the air.

• The narrator was shocked  to see that all instruments including the radio were dead. Then the narrator to his dismay suddenly saw another plane flying over, with the pilot waving against him.

• He was deeply relieved to find someone in the same boat sailing with him. The narrator was however concerned about the prospect of lower fuel remaining. As he followed the other pilot, he soon realised that he had landed safely on the runway.

• The narrator risked flying the aeroplane straight into the cloudy storm and then found himself trapped in the black clouds. The compass began to turn round and round and twisted and jumped in the air.

• The narrator was shocked  to see that all instruments including the radio were dead. Then the narrator to his dismay suddenly saw another plane flying over, with the pilot waving against him.

• He was deeply relieved to find someone in the same boat sailing with him. The narrator was however concerned about the prospect of lower fuel remaining. As he followed the other pilot, he soon realised that he had landed safely on the runway.

Power sharing is a term used to describe a system of governance in which all major segments of society are provided a permanent share of power; this system is often contrasted with government vs. opposition systems in which ruling coalitions rotate among various social groups over time.

Power-sharing is a vital ingredient of any constitution. Power-sharing ensures that there is an optimum balance between different sections in the society. Each and every state should have some form of power-sharing. The chances of opportunity to every citizen increases. Power-sharing has its own value in a democracy. This ensures the stability of political order.

“Management is the process by which a co-operative group directs actions of others toward common goals.”
Management is defined as the process of planning, organising and controlling an organisation’s operations in order to achieve the target efficiently and effectively. It is essential for all organisations.

यहाँ कवयित्री ने ज्ञानी से अभिप्राय उस ज्ञान को लिया है जो आत्मा व परमात्मा के सम्बन्ध को जान सके ना कि उस ज्ञान से जो हम शिक्षा द्वारा अर्जित करते हैं। कवयित्री के अनुसार भगवान कण-कण में व्याप्त हैं पर हम उसको धर्मों में विभाजित कर मंदिरों व मस्जिदों में ढूँढते हैं। जो अपने अन्त:करण में बसे ईश्वर के स्वरुप को जान सके वही ज्ञानी कहलाता है और वहीं उस परमात्मा को प्राप्त करता है। तात्पर्य यह है कि ईश्वर को अपने ही हृदय में ढूँढना चाहिए और जो उसे ढूँढ लेते हैं वही सच्चे ज्ञानी हैं।

ज्ञानी से कवयित्री का अभिप्राय है जिसने आत्मा और परमात्मा के सम्बन्ध को जान लिया हो। कवयित्री के अनुसार ईश्वर का निवास तो हर एक कण-कण में है परन्तु मनुष्य इसे धर्म में विभाजित कर मंदिर और मस्जिद में खोजता फिरता है। वास्तव में ज्ञानी तो वह है जो अपने अंतकरण में ईश्वर को पा लेता है।

जैव विविधता के ह्रास के निम्नलिखित कारण हैं
(i) कृषि भूमि को बढ़ाने के लिए वनों का तेजी से ह्रास किया जा रहा है। वन-भूमि के हास के कारण वन्य-जीवों के निवास स्थल का भी ह्रास होता जा रटा है।
(ii) कई क्षेत्रों में मनुष्य ने जंगली जानवरों का काफी मात्रा में शिकार किया है, जिससे इन क्षेत्रों में इन जंगली जानवरों की संख्या काफी कम हो गई है।
(iii) वर्तमान औद्योगिक युग में उद्योगों से निकलने वाला रसायनयुक्त प्रदूषित जल जब जलाशयों में मिल जाता है तो उन जलाशयों के जीव-जंतु या तो खत्म हो जाते हैं या उनका जीवन खतरे में रहता है। इसे रोकने के निम्नलिखित उपाय हैं
(क) विश्व की बंजर भूमि में वनों को लगाना चाहिए।
(ख) जहरीली गैसों से युक्त उद्योगों पर प्रतिबंध लगा देना चाहिए या जनसंख्या विहीन क्षेत्रों में उनकी स्थापना की जानी चाहिए।
(ग) जैविक विविधता के संरक्षण से संबंधित एक रूपरेखा तैयार करनी चाहिए, जिसको अमल में लाने के लिए सभी देशों को बाध्य करना चाहिए।

Answer:

कवि ने कोयल की कूक अर्थात् मधुरवाणी को सुना है जो मनमोहिनी व अच्छे मौसम का प्रतीक होती है। परन्तु यहाँ कोयल की वाणी में वेदना व व्याकुलता है जो आधी रात को भी उसे बेचैन किए हुए है। वह अत्याचारों से दुःखी है, अतः कूक न होकर हूक बन गई है।

Economic development is a process of targeted activities and programs that work to improve the economic wellbeing and quality of life of a community by building local wealth, diversifying the economy, creating and retaining jobs, and building the local tax base. Economic development includes initiatives that improve infrastructure, enhance our education system, better our public safety, improve parks, and foster endless ways to incentivize and attract new businesses and jobs.

When the security offered by company to take loan is not enough , company offers it's own debentures to the lender as collateral security. On repayment of such loan lender should surrender debentures as well.
Debentures issued as collateral security is secondary or parallel security for the original loan taken by the company. The lender can realize the collateral security in case borrower fails to make the payment of the original loan. 
 

What all does the dragon possess?

A) big sharp teeth
B) spikes on top of him
C) sharp toes
D) All of the above

Ans d

It is given that a rhombus of perimeter 20 cm and one base angle is the supplement of 130 degree

From the given information we get 1 side of rhombus = 20/4 = 5cm

One angle = 130° therefore the adjacent angle = 180 - 130 = 50°

Drawing of rhombus

Step1: draw a line segment AB of 5 cm

Step 2: Draw  line AX from A making an angle of 130° with AB   and draw a line BY from B making an angleof 50° with AB

Step 3: Mark a point on AX  as D such that AD = 5cm

Step 4: Mark a point on BY  as C such that BC = 5cm

ABCD is arhombus of perimeter 20 cm and one base angle is the supplement of 130 degree