In 1911 Rutherford made

In 1911 Rutherford made and experiment to study about the structure of atom. In this experiment the α-particles from ₈₃Bi²¹⁴ (a radioactive source) contained in a lead cavity are collinated into a narrow beam with the help of a lead plate having a narrow slit the narrow beam of α-particles then falls on a thin gold foil (about 2.1 x 10^-10 m thick). The α-particles scattered in different directions.The whole apparatus was arranged inside a vaccum chamber toprevent the scattering of α-particles from air molecules. The experimental observations led Rutherford to the following conclusions-

(i) Since most of the α-particles passed undiviated, than atom has a lot of empty space in it. 

(ii) Since the fast and the heavy α-particle could be deflected through even 180°, the whole of + ve charge and partcially the entire mass of the atom was confined to an extremely small central core. 

It was called nucleus. 

Since 1 in about 8000 α-particles in deflected through 180°, the size of the nucleus is about 1/10,000 th of the size of the atom.

(iii) The scattering of different α-particles through different angles on the nuclear model of the atom as below.

The α-particles such as a and a',which pass through the atom at a large distance from the nucleus experiences a small electrostatic force of repulsion due to the nucleus and hence undergo a very small deflection. The α-particles b and b¹ which pass through the atom at a close distance from the nucleus suffer a large deflection.The α-particles such as C, which travels towards the nucleus directly, shows down as it moves and ultimately comes to rest and than after being deflected through 180°, retraces it path.

The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

Jigyasa

1826 mein jems August ke bangaal gajat se hui

भारत में पत्रकारिता की शुरुआत कब और  कैसे हुई ?
उत्तर :-    भारत में पत्रकारिता की शुरुआत सन १७८० में जेम्स आगस्ट हिकी के बंगाल गजट से हुई जो कलकत्ता से निकला था |

Blood is a source of buffer water small volume of an acid of base solution can greatly changed the pH measure of the hydrogen concentration as a result of adding acid to the buffer,, the construction of acetic decrease at the concentration of acetic acid increase.......

Given the three cubes of metal whose side are 3 cm , 4 cm and 5 cm

Then volume of cube who side 3 cm=(3)³=27cm³

And  volume of cube who side 4 cm=(4)³=64cm³

And  volume of cube who side 5 cm=(5)³=125cm³

Total volume of melted cube=27+64+125=216cm³

Then the side of new cube=a³=216

⇒a=6cm

vol. of larger metal cube = vol. of three smaller cubes
=(3)³ + 4³ + 5³
= 27 + 64 + 125
= 216 cm³
vol.of larger metal cube = 216 cm³
(a)³ = 216 cm³
a³ = 6³
a = 6 cm
therefore edge of larger metal cube is 6 cm

Making own Magnet

• Take an Iron bar and a Magnet bar.
• Place one of the magnet’s pole at the edge of the iron bar.
• Slide the magnet towards the other edge of the iron bar without lifting the magnet.
• Lift the magnet now and place at the initial position again with same pole touching iron bar.
• Repeat this process 30-40 times or more till the iron bar becomes magnetized.

• Take an Iron bar and a Magnet bar.
• Place one of the magnet’s pole at the edge of the iron bar.
• Slide the magnet towards the other edge of the iron bar without lifting the magnet.
• Lift the magnet now and place at the initial position again with same pole touching iron bar.
• Repeat this process 30-40 times or more till the iron bar becomes magnetized.

You are right

Hand pump ,,tubebell

The three main sources of water are:

Rainwater.

Groundwater – This includes water bodies like Wells and Springs.

Surface water – This includes different water bodies like Sea, Oceans, Reservoirs, Rivers, Streams, Ponds, Lakes and Tanks.

Thank-you very much Yogita

Distributivity of multiplicatio

A ( B+ C) = AB + AC

 2(4 + 3) = 2(4) + 2(3)

 2(4 + 3) = 2(7) = 14

2(4) + 2(3) = 8 + 6 = 14

commutativity of addition

 A + B = B + A = C.  

For example, 4 + 3 = 7 = 3 + 4

Beehive

What is graph

A graph is a pictorial representation of a set of objects where some pairs of objects are connected by links. The interconnected objects are represented by points termed as vertices, and the links that connect the vertices are called edges.

I also

what project i cant understand

ANSWER: Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation in punjab
Over irrigation is main cause of land degradation in Punjab due to waterlogging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh are the states facing issue of land degradation.

Clouds generally form, survive and grow in air that is moving upward. ... So, even though typical clouds do contain a lot of water, this water is spread out for miles in the form of tiny water droplets or crystals, which are so small that the effect of gravity on them is negligible.

Clouds are composed primarily of small water droplets and, if it's cold enough, ice crystals. The vast majority of clouds you see contain droplets and/or crystals that are too small to have any appreciable fall velocity. So the particles continue to float with the surrounding air.

So, even though typical clouds do contain a lot of water, this water is spread out for miles in the form of tiny water droplets or crystals, which are so small that the effect of gravity on them is negligible. Thus, from our vantage on the ground, clouds seem to float in the sky.

1 mole is equal to avogadro number of molecules

Mole Concept

Term mole was suggested by Ostwald (Latin word mole = heap)

A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains same number of elementary particles (atoms, molecules or ions) as the number of atoms present in 12 g of carbon (C-12).

1 mol = 6.023 * 10²³ atoms = one gram-atom = gram atomic mass

1 mol = 6.023 * 10²³ molecules = gram molecular mass

In gaseous state at STP (T = 273 K, p = 1 atm)

Gram molecular mass = 1 mol

= 22.4 L = 6.022 * 10²³ molecules

उत्तर: पंजाब में भूमि क्षरण के लिए अधिक सिंचाई जिम्मेदार है
पंजाब में मिट्टी में लवणता और क्षारीयता में वृद्धि के कारण जलभराव का मुख्य कारण भूमि का क्षरण है। पंजाब, हरियाणा, उत्तर प्रदेश ऐसे राज्य हैं जो भूमि क्षरण के मुद्दे का सामना कर रहे हैं।

Answer:

Share croppers had come to the town to meet their champion, Gandhiji. So that they complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar. Someone had probably said to the sharecroppers that Gandhi can help them.

Clay

Option (B)

D

Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens? Option A: Water Option B: Glass Option C: Plastic Option D: Clay

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Answer: D

For lens preparation, transparent material may be used. Glass and water are transparent materials. There is a certain amount of plastic that is transparent so that the plastic can be used to make a lens, but the clay is an opaque substance so that the light can not be transmitted into it and the clay can not be used to create the lens.

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उत्तर:
(i)कविता को अत्यधिक धाराप्रवाह और लयात्मक बनाने के लिए आमतौर पर शब्दों के क्रम को बदल दिया जाता है।
दूसरी कविताओं में शब्दों के क्रम में आए बदलाव-
– ‘गुरु एक थे और था एक चेला।।
– ‘यह मोटी है गर्दन, इसे तुम बढ़ाओ’
– ‘था वह भी एक बच्चा

first you have to take the picture of the think that you're going to write the meaning of it and paste the picture about the meaning in Hindi or English

Let’s see if an independent J&K can be a viable entity. People especially in the Kashmir Valley have been provided for the last 70 years hundreds of thousands of crores in subsidised cheap food (perhaps cheapest in the world), subsidised firewood, subsidised salts, subsidised pesticides for orchards, subsidised agricultural pursuits, cheaper feeds for animals, liberal loans for training in professional colleges outside the state (never returned), huge subsidies for establishment of industrial units, liberal loans for housing and so on. There is hardly any sphere of life where people of Kashmir did not get preferential treatment. The population of the state is just 0.4% of the country yet it received 2.7% of the national development outlay. Five Year Plans were being totally financed by the Centre, as also assistance for staff salaries. While in other parts of the country various states are getting central assistance as 30 percent grants and 70 percent loans, Jammu and Kashmir is among the most favoured parts where Central assistance is being given as 90 percent grants and 10 percent as loan. In the country as a whole, over 15 percent people are homeless but in Kashmir Valley every family has got a ‘pucca’ house of its own. Such huge sums of money have been pumped into the Kashmir Valley to the neglect of other two regions of Jammu and Ladakh during all these years that they have resulted in regional imbalances and regional tension within the state. Massive loans taken from financial institutions have not been returned. Few taxes or Government dues are paid in the Valley. Electricity charges, water bills, telephone bills, sales tax bills, sales tax, excise duty - nothing is paid as share to the Central Government. Now, if some pro Pak misguided Kasmiris like SAS Gilani and Co of the Hurriyat want ‘independence’, you don’t need to be a rocket scientist to figure out the devastating financial effect on Kashmir and Kashmiris and their quality of life. Kashmiris who insist on independence or a merger with Pakistan must ask themselves whether they are better off in India? There would be no more freebies and subsidies. The crutches that they are so used to will be gone resulting in the further disintegration of the state due to civil unrest and discontent. Let’s get into the brass tacks to see if an Independent J&K would be viable or not. Firstly, even if India and Pakistan both granted independence to their portions of Kashmir, and the two portions merged, what would happen to the religious and sectarian minorities- the Hindus, Christians, Buddhists and Shia- within the state? Despite their demands for self-determination, Kashmiri Muslim political activists, let alone their insurgent counterparts, have never agreed to protect the rights of such nested minorities. Second, there’s little reason to believe such an entity would be economically viable. Kashmir is indeed a land of spectacular beauty and a tourist haven. However, tourism and agriculture alone would not be able to provide for the economic needs of the population. Before long it would prove to be yet another ward of the international community. Investors would think twice before investing in a land-locked country. Independence doesn’t guarantee economic prosperity. Thus, there won’t be enough money available to sustain a government in Kashmir and have enough funds for education, infrastructure, healthcare, defense, etc. It would not be able to fund such projects with the limited sources of income without running up monstrous debts which would quickly cripple the economy of the nation, scaring away investors, resulting in perpetual poverty, and finally in a collapse. Third, it is far from clear that if India chose to walk away from the portion of Kashmir that it controls, Pakistan would readily follow suit. Beset with sectarian, class and regional strife, Islamabad would be loath to dispense with a significant part of its country. Indeed Pakistan-controlled Kashmir’s exit could easily trigger a series of demands for secession elsewhere, particularly Balochistan and Sindh, thereby threatening to unravel an already fragile social fabric in Pakistan. Fourth, China will probably smell an opportunity here and try and convert this new country into another autonomous region of China like the TAR (Tibetan Autonomous Region) by pumping in funds and resources. After all, it has a huge strategic and economic interest in Gilgit/Baltistan through which the $65 billion CPEC runs. China is already heading stealthily towards its ambitious plan to safeguard its Persian Gulf route through Kashmir, which would also get a potential naval base in the Arabian Sea at Gwadar, linked by road to its eastern Xinjiang province. Fifth, independence doesn’t guarantee stability or safety. Sixth, a predominantly Muslim nation could fall prey to an extreme form of Islam based on strict Sharia Law like the TTP/ISIS aim to establish. Their gradual influence in a new sovereign state of Kashmir would be a real possibility and a clear danger to the region. Religious extremism is already gaining roots in Kashmir today. Seventh, how would the country even generate income in an area that has no resources? India doles out to Kashmir, on an average of nearly Rs 80,000 crores or $12 billion every year in the form of subsidies, grants, aid and infrastructure. If this ceases, Kashmir would sink faster than the Titanic. Which country will provide them the necessary funds to keep afloat? None. Eighth, how would they find resources for raising an army for internal as well as external threats? A minimum of two divisions would be required and probably an indep armored brigade for the defence of an independent Kashmir. Cost? At least $10 billion! Where is the money? Or where would it come from? And needless to say, maintaining such a force will not be chicken feed. So back to your question: Can Kashmir exist as an independent state? And the answer is a resounding NO! An independent J&K is not a viable option. Period!

Often GDP (real GDP) is considered as an index of welfare of the people. Welfare means sense of material well-being among the people. This depends upon availability of goods and services per person for consumption. When GDP (or GNP) rises, it shows increase in flow of goods & services. Greater availability of goods and services implies higher standard of living which increases economic welfare. So one may conclude that higher level of GDP is an index of greater well-being of the people. But this may not be correct due to following limitations or reasons.
(i) Distribution of GDP. A mere rise in GDP (or GNP or National Income) may not lead to rise in economic welfare if its distribution results in concentration of income in the hands of very few individuals or firms. A mere increase in GDP does not mean that every individual automatically gets this much of increase. Distribution of GDP might have resulted in making the rich richer and the poor poorer leading to further increase in the gap between rich and poor.
(ii) Non-monetary exchanges or transactions. Many economic activities in the economy are not evaluated in monetary terms. Thus non-market transactions like services of housewife, exchanges through barter, enjoyment from hobbies like painting, gardening, etc. which increase economic welfare are not included in measuring GDP. Hence GDP may not reflect actual productive activities and wellbeing of the country.
(iii)    Externalities. These refer to the benefits or harms which a firm or an individual causes to other in the process of production but for which they are not paid or penalised. For example, negative externalities occur when smoke of a factory pollutes the air or its industrial wastes causes water pollution in the nearby river resulting in loss of social welfare. But nobody is penalised for it nor it is accounted in GDP. GDP does not take into account these externalities. Similarly, positive (beneficial) impact of beautiful garden remains outside of realm of GDP. To that extent GDP is not a correct index of welfare as GDP is then underestimated or overestimated.
(iv)    Composition of GDP. In case increase in GDP is due to more production of war material like tanks, weapons, etc., it will not increase economic welfare.
(v)    Rate of population growth. If rate of population growth is higher than the rate of growth of Real GDP, this will lead to fall in per capita availability of goods and services. This may reduce the overall welfare of the society.
Conclusion. GNP may not be an adequate index due to above-mentioned limitations, yet it does reflect some index of economic welfare. Mere enhancement of GNP at any cost may create economic bads like poverty and pollution. That is why some economists have suggested an alternative measure by the name of Green GNP to widen the scope of GDP as a measure of welfare.