i) Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.

(ii) It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.

(iii) Emphasis was given on the vernacular language and the collection of folklore, to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences

The effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 were: 

(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which was restored in 1815, was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. 

(ii) A constitutional monarchy was installed with Louis Philippe as its head. 

(iii) An uprising was seen in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands.

       The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. Matternich once remarked, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold." The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the united kingdoms of the Netherlands.

The French Revolution in 1789 was an influential event that marked the age of revolutions in Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was the formation of a constitutional monarchy and a sizeable reduction in the royal and feudal privileges.

It paved the way for the achievement of bigger goals of national identity and national pride, which can be aptly called nationalism.

The revolutionaries referred to France as la patrie or the fatherland, where all citizens, known as le citoyen, enjoyed equal rights under the constitution. The revolutionaries tried to establish a collective French identity for the people by adopting French flag, composing nationalistic songs and hymns, discouraging the use of regional dialects and adopting French as the common language of France.

The French Revolution had its impact on the administration as well.

• A body of active citizens, elected the Estates General and renamed it the National Assembly.
• A centralised administrative system was created formulating uniform laws for all French citizens.
• All internal custom duties and dues were abolished.
• A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

The metric system was founded by France in 1791. The French revolutionaries also took it upon themselves to help other European countries to overcome autocracy and form nations. The French armies were welcomed by European countries like Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s.

July 1830

The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. Matternich once remarked, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold." The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the united kingdoms of the Netherlands.

Napoleon Bonaparte was an emperor of France. He ruled France from 1804 to 1814 and for a small period in 1815. He is called as the 'Child of the French Revolution'. 

He established The Napoleonic Code. It is also called the "French Civil Code of 1804" defined the concept of equality before the law and also secured the right to property. This code abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues as well as improvement in the Transport and communication systems.

The anti-imperialists opposed expansion, believing that imperialism violated the fundamental principle that just republican government must derive from "consent of the governed." 

The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.

Nervous system and endocrine system are responsible for control and coordination of complex, multicellular human body with multiple organ systems of complex functioning. Endocrine secretions (hormones) regulate proper growth and development and functioning of different organs. Nervous system enables us to respond to our surroundings and to perform daily activities. It does so by sensing external and internal stimuli followed by a relay of sensory information to CNS (Central Nervous System) for processing and generation of motor output, i.e., involuntary and voluntary actions.

biomagnification is the increase in concentration of the persistant toxicant at successive trophic levels. It happens because a toxic substance accumulated by an organism cannot be metabolised or excreted and is thus passed onto the next higher trophic level.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
• Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
• Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.

The pilot thought of going back to Paris because he saw storm clouds as he was flying. They were huge and looked like black mountains across the sky. The pilot knew that he could not fly over them and there was not sufficient fuel to fly around them to the north or the south.