ANSWER

Bishnoi is a tribal community in Rajasthan. For Bishnoi people, protecting wildlife is a religion. A well-remarked case study for the conservation of forests by Bishnoi people is of Amrita Devi Bishnoi who sacrificed her life for protecting 'Khejri' trees. She literally hugged the tree and dared King's men to cut her first before the tree. The King's men didn't bother about her and cut down trees along with her. 363 other Bishnoi people followed her and sacrificed their lives for the protection of sacred 'khejrali' forest. In the memory and honour of Bishnoi people who sacrificed their lives for the protection of forests, Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award was initiated. 

Conservation of forests and wildlife is necessary to protect the biodiversity. This is important because loss of biodiversity leads to ecological imbalance. But any conservation effort for forest and wildlife must keep the interests of all stakeholders in mind.

The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional and cultural diversities. 

(i) They amended their Constitution four times so as to work out an innovative arrangement that would enable everyone to live together in peace and harmony, i.e., there was sharing of power between the Dutch and the French both in the Central Government, State Government and Community Government. They followed a policy of accommodation. 

(ii) This helped to avoid civic strife and division of the country on linguistic lines. 

(iii) On the other hand, the Sinhalese who were in majority in Sri Lanka as compared to the Tamils followed a policy of majoritarianism and adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy by passing an Act of 1956. These measures alienated the Tamils leading to civic strife between the two communities.

When resistors are connected in parallel, the supply current is equal to the sum of the currents through each resistor. In other words, the currents in the branches of a parallel circuit add up to the supply current.

Also, they have the same potential difference across them. In other words, any components in parallel have the same potential difference across them. And, the total resistance will always be lesser than the least resistance in the circuit.

The total resistance is calculated as  

(1) Given Equation is x + y = 7
  x = 7 - y      --------- (1)
(2) 2x - 3y = 11
     2(7 - y) - 3y = 11
     14 - 2y - 3y = 11
      14 - 5y = 11
           -5y = 11 - 14
          -5y = -3
             y = 
Substitute y =  in (1), we get
x = 7 - 
     = 
   = 
Therefore the value of x = , y = 

The different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are:

•  Horizontal Division of Power- It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government, for example, power sharing by the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. In this type of power-sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercised different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other.
•  Vertical Division of Power- It is a system of power sharing among governments at different levels. For example, a general government for the entire country and governments at provincial or regional levels. In India, we refer to it as the Central Government, State Governments, Municipality, Gram Panchayat etc. The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government.
•  Division of Power among different Social Groups- Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially like different religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example of this type of power sharing. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example. Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities a fair share in power, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.
• Division of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups, and Movements- In contemporary democracies such a division takes the form of competition among different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups.

Power-sharing is desirable due to the following reasons

• It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict and clashes between social groups.
• Secondly, a democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects.
• People will have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed and can change the power in the next upcoming years.

Given pair of linear equations is

2x + 3y = 46 …(i)

And 3x + 5y = 74 …(ii)

On multiplying Eq. (i) by 3 and Eq. (ii) by 2 to make the coefficients of x equal, we get the equation as

6x + 9y = 138 …(iii)

6x + 10y = 148 …(iv)

On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), we get

6x + 10y – 6x – 9y = 148 – 138

⇒ y = 10

On putting y = 10 in Eq. (ii), we get

3x + 5y = 74

⇒ 3x + 5(10) = 74

⇒ 3x + 50 = 74

⇒ 3x = 74 – 50

⇒ 3x = 24

⇒ x = 8

Hence, x = 8 and y = 10 , which is the required solution.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, the democratically elected government opted for a series of Majoritarian policy measures because they desired Sinhala supremacy. Some of the measures taken were:

Sinhala was the only official language.

The governments followed preferential policies and Sinhala applicants.

This made the Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated. As a result of this, the Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and began struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language. By the 1980s several political organisations were formed. They demanded for an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. All this soon turned into a Civil War, thereby, causing distress in the nation.

Accommodation in Belgium

From 1970 to 1993, the constitution of Belgian was amended four times. The idea was to work out an arrangement that would make everyone to live together. Key elements of the Belgian model are:

The number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.

Certain powers of the central government were given to state governments of the two regions of the country.

There was a separate government for Brussels in which both the communities had equal representation.

There was a provision of ‘community government’ that was elected by people belonging to one language.

Hence, it was a fairly better alternative than the majoritarian policy of Sri Lanka.

The leaders of the Sinhala community of Sri Lanka sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority.

(ii) In 1956 an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamils.
(iii) The government followed preferential policies that favour Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.
(iv) In Sri Lanka, maximum people believe in Buddhism. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

In both countries, there could be tension and conflict between different ethnic groups. In Belgium, the majority community of Dutch-speaking people could try to dominate the French and German-speaking people. This could lead to conflict — specially in Brussels. Brussels could have been partitioned as the ratio of the Dutch and the French was different from the rest of the country.
In Sri Lanka, the Sinhalese people, already in majority, could try further to dominate the Tamil-speaking people. It could even lead to a war.
Thus, size and population do not matter. Ethnic divisions, if not handled with patience and common sense, can lead to a civil war, division of the country and conflict between communities.

Legislature

The chief function of the legislature is to enact laws.

• It is the basis for the functioning of the other two organs, the executive and the judiciary.
• It is also sometimes accorded the first place among the three organs because until and unless laws are enacted, there can be no implementation and application of laws.

Executive

The executive is the organ that implements the laws enacted by the legislature and enforces the will of the state.

• It is the administrative head of the government.
• Ministers including the Prime/Chief Ministers and President/Governors form part of the executive.

Judiciary

The judiciary is that branch of the government that interprets the law, settles disputes and administers justice to all citizens. 

• The judiciary is considered the watchdog of democracy, and also the guardian of the Constitution.
• It comprises of the Supreme Court, the High Courts, District and other subordinate courts.
• For more on Indian Judiciary, click on the linked article.

Newland’s law of Octaves explains when elements are arranged by increasing atomic mass, the properties of every eighth element starting from any element are a repetition of the properties of the starting element.

It was discarded because:

1. This classification did not work with heavier elements,i.e. those lying beyond calcium.

2. Newland adjusted two elements cobalt and nickel in the same slot and these were placed in the same column as flourine , chlorine, and bromine which have different properties than these elements.

3. Iron, which resembles cobalt and nickel in properties has been placed far away from these elements.

Chemical reactions- The transformation of chemical substance into a new chemical substance by making and breaking of bonds between different atoms is known as Chemical Reaction.

Enzymes are biological catalysts, mainly proteins, generated by an organism to speed up chemical reactions. They have an active site on which the substrate is attached, and then broken up or joined. Enzymes are proteins which act as bio-catalysts and catalyse bio-chemical reactions.