The female figures as an allegory of the nation:

• Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person.
• Then nations were portrayed as female figures.
• The female figure was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life.
• It gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
• Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
• During the French Revolution artists used the formal allegory to portray idea such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

Advantages :

1}These are the main source of power generation.

2}These projects control the floods because water can be stored in them. These projects have converted many, 'rivers of sorrows' into 'rivers of boon'.

3}Thes projects are the main source of irrigation and also help in conserving soil.

Disadvantages:

1}Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate for spawning, i.e , to produce eggs.

2}It resulted in displacement of local communities.

3}The multipurpose projects induced earthquake, caused waterborne diseases......

Some of the major crops grown on the black soils are cotton, wheat, jowar, linseed, Virginia tobacco, castor, sunflower and millets. Rice and sugarcane are equally important where irrigation facilities are available. Large varieties of vegetables and fruits are also successfully grown on the black soils. Rice acts as one of the most important staple food in the world and India is one of its largest producers. However, its production requires a great quantity of water. The rise in population has led to an increase in the demand for food crops; in turn escalating the amount of water required for irrigating them.

सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन का महत्व:

(i) साइमन कमीशन के आगमन के खिलाफ सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन शुरू किया गया। यह 1930 और 1934 के बीच जारी है।

(ii) पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता, सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन का मुख्य उद्देश्य था जिसने लाहौर सत्र में इस मांग को तैयार किया।

(iii) यह पूरी तरह से जन आंदोलन था।

(iv) महात्मा गांधी ने प्रसिद्ध नमक मार्च की शुरुआत की।

(v) 6 अप्रैल को, उन्होंने औपचारिक रूप से कानून का उल्लंघन किया, समुद्र के पानी को उबालकर नमक का निर्माण किया।

(vi) इससे सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन की शुरुआत हुई।

1. 

The goals of development change from person to person. Different people have different goals. What may be development for others may be even be destruction for others. For instance, a landless rural labourers may desire more days of work and better wages, whereas a prosperous farmer may desire assured high family income through higher support price for their crops and through hard worsting and cheap labourers, children to be settled abroad. In fact, at times, two persons or groups may seek things which are conflicting.

Eg: The construction of hight dams is development for government. But for tribul people and the environment it is destruction

1. Under the unitary system, there is only one level of government or there are sub-units which are subordinate to the central government. Whereas, in a federal system, there is decentralization of power i.e. central level, state level, grass root level.

2. In a unitary system, the power is centralized in the hands of the central government and every order passed by it has to be enacted. However, in a federal system, a state government or grass root level has its own powers. Additionally, the central government cannot act in an autocratic manner.

3. In a federal system, criteria of dual citizenship may exist. For example - U.S.A. In India, no such criterion exists. In contrast, the unitary system does not practice any system of dual citizenship.

बहुसंख्यकवाद।
अल्पसंख्यक की इच्छाओं और आवश्यकताओं की अवहेलना करके एक विश्वास जो बहुसंख्यक समुदाय को चाहिए कि वह किसी भी देश पर शासन कर सके।

 Majoritarianism.

A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.

Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) is an approach to understanding why and how people actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs. UGT is an audience-centered approach to understanding mass communication. Diverging from other media effect theories that question "what does media do to people?", UGT focuses on "what do people do with media?"It postulates that media is a highly available product and the audiences are the consumers of the same product.

The total addition made to the capital stock of economy in a given period is termed as Gross Investment. Capital stock consists of fixed assets and unsold stock. So, gross investment is the expenditure on purchase of fixed assets and unsold stock during the accounting year.

However, gross investment does not indicate the actual change in economy’s stock of productive assets for a given year. During the production process, some amount of fixed capital is used up. This loss of fixed capital is known as depreciation. By subtracting depreciation from gross investment, we get Net Investment.

Net Investment:

The actual addition made to the capital stock of economy in a given period is termed as Net Investment.

Net Investment = Gross Investment – Depreciation

In ΔABC,

Length of two tangents drawn from the same point to the circle are equal,
∴ CF = CD = 6cm
∴ BE = BD = 8cm
∴ AE = AF = x

We observed that,
AB = AE + EB = x + 8
BC = BD + DC = 8 + 6 = 14
CA = CF + FA = 6 + x

Now semi perimeter of circle s,
⇒ 2s = AB + BC + CA
         = x + 8 + 14 + 6 + x
         = 28 + 2x
⇒s = 14 + x

Area of ΔABC = √s (s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

                         = √(14 + x) (14 + x - 14)(14 + x - x - 6)(14 + x - x - 8) 

                         = √(14 + x) (x)(8)(6)

                         = √(14 + x) 48 x ... (i)

also, Area of ΔABC = 2×area of (ΔAOF + ΔCOD + ΔDOB)

                                 = 2×[(1/2×OF×AF) + (1/2×CD×OD) + (1/2×DB×OD)]

                                 = 2×1/2 (4x + 24 + 32) = 56 + 4x ... (ii)

Equating equation (i) and (ii) we get,

√(14 + x) 48 x = 56 + 4x

Squaring both sides,

48x (14 + x) = (56 + 4x)²

⇒ 48x = [4(14 + x)]²/(14 + x)

⇒ 48x = 16 (14 + x)

⇒ 48x = 224 + 16x

⇒ 32x = 224

⇒ x = 7 cm

Hence, AB = x + 8 = 7 + 8 = 15 cm
CA = 6 + x = 6 + 7 = 13 cm

Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 8 cm.
(ii)    Draw a circle with centre A and radius 4 cm. Draw another circle with centre B and radius 3 cm.
(iii)    Let M be the mid-point of AB. Taking M as centre and AM as radius draw a circle which intersects the circles at P, Q, R and S.


Fig,
(iv) Join AP, AQ, BR and BS. These are required tangents.

If France Sneezes rest of the europe catches cold" This Statement was said by austrian chancellor Duke Metternich He said this statement because LIberals in europe get inspired by the revolutions of liberals in France to overthrow Monarchy,Conservatism,&Aristocracy And Form their Elected constitution.

Valli did not want to make friends with the elderly woman because she found her absolutely repulsive. She saw that the woman had big holes in her ear lobes and very ugly earrings in them. She could smell the betel nut the woman was chewing, and could see the betel juice that was almost about to spill over her lips.

Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. The most important raw materials for making cement are limestone, clay and marl. These are extracted from quarries by blasting or by ripping using heavy machinery.

Two sharp contrasts between Belgium and Sri Lanka are
1)Sri Lankan government supported majority of sinhalese people and they made laws and job opportunities supporting Sri Lankan people they made tamils who were in less population feel inferior.
1)but Belgium government changed their constitution so many times and they gave equal representation to Dutch and French people.
2)tamils were protesting against Sri Lanka people and they liberated there party to fight with them which is LTTE and Sri Lanka government suppressed them and this led to serious war between both parties and tamils were killed and thrown out. this created heavy economic loss to Sri Lanka and their government took so much time to fill that damage
2) but in Belgium there was no chance for anything like this because their government took very careful steps that no one should feel inferior and all were equal central and state government representatives . everything was peaceful in Belgium.

The democratic system in Belgium is an ideal example of power sharing.It had accommodated the interests of its two main ethnic groups, that is, the Dutch and the French.The two groups have equal share in the working of government. To maintain political stability and unity, equal representation had to be provided to the two social groups. Both French and Dutch speaking ministers are in the central government. Many powers of the central government has also been distributed among the state governments of both French and Dutch speaking regions. Apart from this, a community government also exists which is elected by people belonging to one language community.Such an arrangement has prevented civil strife.But Sri Lankan democracy has followed majoritarian policies which gave preferences to the interests of the majority Sinhala community neglecting the Tamil minority.The interests of the Tamils were undermined which in the long run gave rise to civil war and political instability.

Answer:

Q and R

Explanation:

We are given that elements P,Q ,R and S have atomic numbers 11,15,17 and 18.

We have to find reactive non metals in given elements.

We know that atomic number of sodium=11

Therefore, P is sodium.

Sodium is metal not non metal

We know that atomic number of phosphorus,P=15

Therefore, Q is phosphorus.

It is no metal because it is required 3 electrons to complete their octet.

Atomic number of chlorine =17

Therefore, element R is chlorine.

It is non metal it required one electron to complete their octet.

Atomic number of argon=18

Therefore, element S is argon.

It is noble gas because it has full filled configuration .It is non reactive because it does not required any electron to complete their octet.

Hence, Q and R  are reactive non metals.

Let α and β are the roots of given Quadratic polynomial.
Given:
α+β=3,αβ=2
Quadratic polynomial:
x²−(α+β)x+(αβ)
∴ Polynomial is x²−3x+2 

Laws of refraction;-

1. The incident ray,the refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
2. For a given pair of media and for a given colour of light the ration between the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of refraction is a constant.This constant is known as refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.

When a ray of light passes through a glass slab, ∠i,∠r and the normal all lie in the same plane.
When a ray of light passes from one medium to another, here from air to glass or glass to air, the ratio = sini​/sinr = constant.

Sustainable development can be defined as an approach to the economic development of a country without compromising the quality of the environment for future generations. In the name of economic development, the price of environmental damage is paid in the form of land degradation, soil erosion, air & water pollution, deforestation, etc. This damage may surpass the advantages of having more quality output of goods and service.

Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows holozoic mode of nutrition. The cell membrane of amoeba keeps on protruding into pseudopodia. Amoeba surrounds a food particle with pseudopodia and makes a food vacuole. The food vacuole contains the food particle and water. Digestive enzymes are secreted in the food vacuole and digestion takes place. After that, digested food is absorbed from the food vacuole. Finally, the food vacuole moves near the cell membrane and undigested food is expelled out.

फ़्रेड्रिक सॉरयू (17 जनवरी 1807 - 25 सितंबर 1887) फ़्रांसीसी कलाकार थे जिनके चित्र फ़्रेंच राष्ट्रवाद आंदोलन में प्रसिद्ध हुए। उनके चार चित्रों की शृंखला La République universelle démocratique et sociale, जिसमें उन्होंने "लोकतांत्रिक और समाजवादी गणतंत्रों" से भरा विश्व की कल्पना व्यक्त की।