भ्रष्टाचार भारत के लिए एक गंभीर समस्या बन गया है क्योंकि यह सबसे बड़ी बाधा है जो देश के विकास में बाधा बन रही है। यह हमारे देश की आर्थिक वृद्धि को भी प्रभावित करता है।
उदाहरण के लिए:
सरकारी अधिकारियों द्वारा अपने व्यक्तिगत और निजी लाभ के लिए शक्तियों का दुरुपयोग सामाजिक संस्थानों को पूरी तरह से भ्रष्ट बनाता है। यह बुराई समाज के कमजोर वर्गों के लिए अपारदर्शिता को कम करती है।
यह सरकारी सेवाओं और बुनियादी ढांचे की गुणवत्ता को कम करता है, जिससे सरकार पर बजटीय दबाव बढ़ता है।
यह सार्वजनिक निवेश को पूंजी परियोजनाओं में परिवर्तित करके सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र में आर्थिक विकृतियों को भी उत्पन्न करता है जहां घूस आसानी से दी जाती है और बहुत होती है।

Transparency means that every individual belonging to a particular democratic country has the right(RTI) to examine or instigate that whether the laws, plans, action, policies or decisions taken by the government are correct or not and whether they are beneficial to them or not. 

<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">myCBSEguide</a> is one of the most popular mobile apps dedicated to CBSE students. The app has a huge collection of study material, study notes, and NCERT books among others.

It also provides CBSE syllabus, solutions, chapter-wise important questions for almost all subjects, quick revision notes, CBSE sample papers, guess papers, etc.

Students can also watch videos and take online practice tests on the app.

Let’s understand how myCBSEguide is different from other mobile apps.

Distributed Operating System is one of the important type of operating system.

Multiple central processors are used by Distributed systems to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users. Accordingly, Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors.

Processors communicate with each other through various communication lines (like high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are known as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in this system may vary in size and function. They are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.

Advantages

• With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.

• Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.

• Failure of one site in a distributed system doesn’t affect the others, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.

• Better service to the customers.

• Reduction of the load on the host computer.

• Reduction of delays in data processing.

In a multiprogramming system, several jobs are kept in memory at the same time. Initially, all jobs are int the ready state. One of the ready jobs is selected to execute on the CPU and changes state from ready to running. Multiprogramming is a rudimentary form of parallel processing in which several programs are run at the same time on a uniprocessor. 

Batch operating system

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.

The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −

• Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
• CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
• Difficult to provide the desired priority.

Anti-virus software are software for your computer used to prevent, detect, and remove malware, including computer viruses, worms, and trojan horses. Some examples of anti-virus software are McAfee, Norton, and Kapersky. Antivirus software helps protect your computer against malware and cybercriminals. Antivirus software looks at data — web pages, files, software, applications — traveling over the network to your devices. It searches for known threats and monitors the behavior of all programs, flagging suspicious behavior.

Federalism in India is practised by the creation of linguistic states ,language policy and centre state relations. 

(i) Linguistic States : After independence, in 1950, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that the people who spoke the same language, share common culture, ethnicity or geography could live in the same state.
(ii) Language Policy : The Indian Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one of the languages. Though Hindi was identified as the optional language, but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a different language. Besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Indian Constitution.
(iii) Centre-State relations : Improving the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. Though Indian Constitution has demarcated the powers of the Union and the state governments but still the Union government can have influence over the state in many ways.
In the past, the Central government has often misused the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism, and that of democracy.
The judiciary has played a major role in improving the autonomy of the state governments because many a time, it has rescued state governments which were dismissed in an arbitrary manner.<button aria-label="like this post" title="like this post">
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India a federal country because of the following reasons:

• There are levels of governments—Central Government, State Government and Local Government.
• Each level of government administers over the same region, but they have their own jurisdiction in matters of administration, taxation and legislation.
• The Government at each level derives its power from the Constitution of the country. Thus, the Central Government cannot easily dilute the powers of the State or Local Governments.
• The basic principles of the Constitution and the rights given to the people cannot be changed by only one tier of the Government. It requires the consent of governments at both levels.
• Both levels of the Government can collect taxes from the people according to the guidelines of the Constitution of the country.
• The Indian Constitution contains three lists which contain subjects in which the Union and the State Governments may form laws. Only central government can make laws in the Union List and state government in the state list. Subjects related to the interests of both Central and State Governments are included in the concurrent list.

(i) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
(ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
(iv) Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
(v) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(vi) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
(vii) Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

Belgium accommodated its diverse population by working out an arrangement which suited to the needs of various communities. It was done in the following ways:

1. Though the Dutch were in majority in the country, the French and Dutch speaking population was given equal representation in the Central government.
2. Belgium was declared as a Federal state, and thus State governments were given important powers. The State governments did not act a subordinate to the Central government.
3. The capital city of Brussels had a separate government. Though the French speaking population was in majority in the city, they accepted equal representation in Brussels. This was because the Dutch speaking people had accepted equal representation in the Central government in spite of being in majority.
4. Community government also existed in Belgium which was elected by major linguistic groups namely, Dutch, French and German speaking people. This government looked after educational, language and educational issues.

(1) In a modern state a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory. It had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.

(2) A nation state was one in which the majority of its citizens and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.

(3) This commonness was forged through struggles, through the actions of the leaders and the common people and did not exist from time immemorial.

 (1 ) :-Set up a shared workbook

Click the Review tab.

Click Share Workbook in the Changes group.

On the Editing tab, click to select the Allow changes by more than one user at the same time. ...

In the Save As dialog box, save the shared workbook on a network location where other users can gain access to it.

Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources in the following ways:

• It provides equipments which increases production that lead to the consumption of more resources. Introduction of sophisticated machinery further helps in exploitation of resources.
• The economic development leads to the rise of the needs of people which results into more consumption of resources.
• Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies which helps to convert various materials into resources.

In ΔABC, Let ∠ABC be θ

Sin θ = (a² - b²) / (a² + b²)

⇒ AB = (a² - b²)

⇒ AC = (a² + b²)

⇒ BC = √[(a² + b²)² - (a² - b²)²]   [According to Pythagoras theorem]

⇒ BC = √(4a²b²)

⇒ BC = 2ab

Cos θ = 2ab / (a² + b²)

Tan θ = (a² - b²) / 2ab.

Cosec θ, Sec θ and Cot θ are the reciprocals of Sin θ, Cos θ, Tan θ respectively.

The great Nature has intended us to earn our bread in the sweat of our brow. Every one, therefore, who idles away a single minute becomes to that extent a burden upon his neighbours, and to do so is to commit a breach of the very first lesson of ahimsa. Ahimsa is nothing if not a well-balance, exquisite consideration for one's neighbour, and an idle man is wanting in that elementary consideration. (YI, 11-4-1929, p. 144-15)

Unification of Germany:

• The  newly  emerged  middle  class  in  Germany  in  1848  tried  to  unite  several German  kingdoms which  were  suppressed  by  monarchies  and  large  landowners into one nation state governed by an elected body.
• Prussia, a German kingdom, took the leadership in uniting various German states. Otto  von  Bismarck,  the  Chief  Minister  of  Prussia, aimed  to  achieve  the  goal  of unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
• Spread over seven years, the Prussian army with the help of the Austrian, French and Danish armies fought three wars and successfully incorporated all the small German kingdoms. This marked the process of completion of German unification.
• The  German  unification  was  completed  in  1871  and  in  the  same  year William I was  declared  as  the emperor of Germany at the Palace of Versailles.
• The process of the unification of Germany exhibited the power of the Prussian state. Many new reforms were initiated in banking, currency, administration and judiciary in Germany.

(i) Government can fix the minimum wages rate and working hours.
(ii) Government can provide cheap loans to the self employed people.
(iii) Government can provide cheap and affordable basic services like education, health, food to these workers.
(iv) Government can frame new laws which can provide provision for overtime, paid leave, leave due to sickness, etc.