Yes, it is true that modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry.   For example   (i) HYV seeds, insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers needed for increasing the yield per hectare are all manufactured in industries.   (ii) Farmers use farm machinery like tractors, threshers and also combined harvesters which are also manufactured in industries.   (iii) Tube well equipment and water pumps used for irrigation are also manufactured in industries. 

A n s w e r:
3 year elder
Albert Einstein, 22 years of age, and Mileva Marie, some three years older, had first met as fellow students at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich.

Many of the Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts. The part to the west was smaller but higher as compared to other parts. This part small and high part of the cities is described as citadel.

The citadel was built on a raised platform . Ppublic buildings like the Great Bath was built in the citadel

D-4020 ABC Lane
XYZ City
14th April, 20xx
The Director
Indian Academy of Mass Communication
Chennai

Subject: Seeking information about the courses in journalism and mass communication.

Sir
This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Daily’ dated 12th April, 20xx regarding courses offered by your institute in journalism and mass communication. I have just appeared for my class XII examination and am interested in pursuing a course in Mass Communication. As very little information is available about this course, I would be extremely grateful if you could send me detailed information about it so as to enable me to move on to the next step and try to seek admission in your reputed institute. Please forward the following details at the earliest:

1. Procedure for Admission
2. Duration of the Course
3. Eligibility Criteria
4. Course fee (instalment for each term)
5. Placement opportunities available after course completion
6. Any other relevant information related to this course

I am extremely keen to join the above- mentioned course and would be obliged if you mail me a Prospectus for the same in the self- addressed stamped envelope enclosed herewith.

Awaiting your early response.

Yours sincerely

Mohan

Ans: Travancore
The maharaja of Travancore ordered a grand dinner in his place
The preparations were made for a grand dinner in the palace of the Maharaja of Travancore.
The Maharaja went into the kitchen to examine the dishes that had been prepared for the grand dinner.

The narrator and his wife plan a voyage around the world just like famous Captain James Cook. They have been preparing and perfecting their seafaring skills for the past 16 years. They get a ship which is 23 meters long and weighs 30 tons wooden-hulled, named Wave Walker. They test it in the rough weather for months.

In July 1976, they all start their journey from Plymouth, England. They sail from Africa to Cape Town which was quite a pleasant journey. Before heading East, the narrator hired two crewmen, Larry Vigil, and Herb Seigler, to help them tackle one of the roughest sea – the Southern Indian Ocean.
They encounter strong and alarming waves during the second day. By December 25, they all manage to reach 35,000 kilometers east of Cape Town. The family, somehow, manages to surpass the bad weather and celebrates Christmas together.

The weather changes for the worse and on January 2, the big waves hit them. They try to slow the ship down by dropping storm jib and hit a heavy mooring rope in a loop across a stern but it doesn’t help much. They carry their life-raft drill, attach lifelines, don life jackets and oilskins.

Later, in the evening, a vertical and huge wave strikes the ship and the narrator is thrown off from the ship. He accepts his ‘approaching death’ and starts losing consciousness. When the ship is about to overturn, a huge wave hit again and turns it right back. He suffers injuries in ribs and mouth. He grabs the guard rail and sails into the ship’s main boom.

He instructs his wife Mary to guard the wheel as he realizes that the ship has water in the lower parts. His crewman starts pumping out the water. The narrator goes to his children’s cabin and checks on them. His daughter, Sue, informs him about a bump on her head which he ignores because his major concern is to save the ship.

The narrator does water-proofing on the gaping holes. This makes water to deviate on the right side. The hand pump gets blocked due to debris and electric-pump gets short-circuited. However, he later finds a spare electric pump and connects it to drain the water. They all keep pumping the water all night long. Their Mayday calls are not answered as they are in the remotest corner of the world.

Sue, on the other hand, has now a swollen black eye and a deep cut in her arm. On being asked by her father about her injuries, she tells him she didn’t want him to worry as he was trying to save them. After 15 hours the situation gets under control. The narrator decides to work in rotation and rests. The water levels are controlled but the leaks were still there, below the waterline.

The ship is in bad shape now. It is not in a condition to reach Australia, and so, they decide to reach the nearest island, lle Amsterdam, a French Scientific base. As their supporting engines were also damaged, the chances of the ship to reach the destination are low.

After pumping the water out continuously for 36 hours, they took a sigh of relief. Only a few centimeters of water was left to be pumped out of the boat. They hoisted the storm jib as the main mast was destroyed. They ate their first meal in two days, some corned beef and crackers. The weather soon started changing and again the black clouds took over by the morning of January 5. His son, Jonathan, told him that he didn’t fear death as long as they were all together. This filled him with determination to fight the sea.

The struggle continued and the narrator tried his best to protect the weakened starboard side. The same evening, the narrator and his wife sat together holding hands, thinking that their end was near. His children continuously supported him which gave him moral support to keep going.

The Wavewalker sailed through the storm and made it. The narrator then calculated their exact position by working on the wind speed. While he was brainstorming, Sue, gave him a card that she had made expressing her love and gratitude towards the family.

He instructed Larry to steer the course to 185 degrees. He said that if they were lucky, they could hope to find an island by 5 pm. He dozed off and suddenly got up around 6 pm. He believed that they didn’t make it and was disappointed. His son came and informed him about how they reached the lle Amsterdam Island and he called him ‘best daddy’ and ‘best captain’.

They reached the island with little struggle and with the help of inhabitants. The whole team, the family and two crew members, never stopped trying. Their struggle and hard work finally saved them.

Communication : Post and Telecom Services : Communication is an important service that helps in establishing links between business men, organisations, suppliers, customers etc. Communication service provides the means of transmission of ideas and information between individuals and institutions.

We are living in the era of advanced communication which has reduced the whole world to a "global village". Through the facilities of quick exchange of information with the help of electronic media. Various communication services such as telephone, telegraph, radio, television, satellite communication, fax, e-mail etc, have transformed the modern society and have made our life quite comfortable.

For any organisation, both internal and external communication are essential. Internal communication includes messenger service, intercom, closed circuit television, internal telephone network etc. External communication systems include postal service, telegraphic service, telephone network, fax, e-mail, video conferencing etc.

We may classify the modes of communication as follows :

(i) Postal communication
(ii) Telecom or Telecommunication
(iii) Electronic communication : Fax, Internet, E-mail, Voice mail.

The seven major plates include the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, North American, South American, India-Australian, and the Pacific plates. Some of the minor plates include the Arabian, Caribbean, Nazca, and Scotia plates.

उत्तर: जब लेखक अपनी सीट पर बैठा तो नवाब साहब उनसे नजरें मिलाने से बच रहे थे। नवाब साहब खिड़की के बाहर देख रहे थे। इन हाव भावों से पता चलता है कि नवाब साहब लेखक से बातचीत करने के लिए तनिक भी उत्सुक नहीं थे।

1. Business Letters: Inquiries and Replies:

Question 1.
Your are Raj/Rani, living at 3, K.B. Road Delhi. You read an advertisement about an online Course in Accountancy. Through Computers, being run by Accounts Experts Institute, Patel Road, Delhi. Write a letter to the advertiser seeking all the relevent information about the course, [NCT 2018]

Answer:
3, K.B. Road
Delhi 1100XX
The Director
Accounts Experts Institute,
Patel Road,
Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir
Subject: Course in Accountancy

This is with reference to your advertisement on line about the short term course in Accountancy offered by your institute.

Kindly let me know if your institute is recognised by any university. Further, what is the duration and the fee of this course? Please let me know if hard copies of the study material will be available along with the on line subject matter. Also, if there is a contract programme and if so, of what duration.

I shall be extremely thankful for an early response by email or by post.

With best wishes

Yours faithfully
Raj

Q

Osmosis can be defined as the movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration area to the area of less water concentration through a semipermeable membrane. In other words, it can be defined as the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane. It is a special case of diffusion of water (High to low). For example, water in the roots of plants is transported through osmosis.

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules of a substance from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. Net movement means there are more molecules moving in one direction than in the opposite direction.

Example: Opening a bottle of perfume in a room will result in the gradual diffusion of the perfume from the region of higher concentration (the bottle) out into the room. Diffusion will continue until the perfume has a more or less uniform concentration throughout the bottle and room.

Those materials which cannot be easily compressed, cut, bent or scratched are called hard materials.
Examples: Iron, glass.

Those materials which can be easily compressed, cut, bent or scratched are called soft materials.
Examples: Sponge, Cotton.

During the period of the 10th Century to the 17th Century, an important trend noticed in the religious life in India is the worship of God in many forms. Many God and Goddesses appear in the scultures and texts but they are various forms of the original deities only. These original deities are Vishnu, Shiva, and Goddesses Durga, Lakshmi and Parvati.
Historians have noticed the two marked trends in the socio-religious life of those days. The first was dissemination of the Brahminical ideas. The Brahminical texts were reproduced in simple Sanskrit. They were now made available to women and shudras, who did not have access to Brahminical literature by and large. The second was the Brahmins who were working on the beliefs and practices. It was a process of evolution, wherein traditional classical traditions were getting new shapes continuously as they were being impacted by the traditions of common people throughout the land.
Now let us look at the two of the following examples.
1.A very good example of the above description is the temple of Jagannatha at Puri
in Orissa. The temple is of Lord Jagannatha who is another form of Vishnu only. The word Jagannatha means one who owns the world.
2.There were many local gods; their statues were often created by wood and stones by tribals. Even families began to have Kul Devata. The Goddeses were also created in wood and stone. They all were in various forms only often of Vishnu.