The President of Zimbabwe is the head of the state of Zimbabwe. In 1987, Robert Mugabe becomes the president and he revises the Constitution to make himself Executive President. President Mugabe is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. Opposition party workers are harassed, public protest and demonstration against the government are declared illegal, both print and electronic media are controlled by the government. The government has pressurised judges to give verdict in favour of the government. The example of Zimbabwe shows that popular approval of the rulers is necessary in a democracy, but it is not sufficient. A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes, simply because it has won the election. This is the reason for which Zimbabwe is discussed here

The ultimate aim of political theory ought to be the protection of individual rights, since that is the proper role of government. Individual rights are a moral concept and it means that one has the right to live one’s own life so long as one acknowledges the equal rights of others to live their lives. Politics is basically ethics applied in a social context, but that does not mean that an ethics or a morality will be imposed upon the people, aside from the fundamental aspect that a man has the right to have his own standards and to live his own life according to his own understanding of existence and life and the nature of man.

• Mesopotamia is a flat plain. The excavation work started here about 150 years ago. Sumer region was the lower part of the Mesopotamian civilization. It was the heart of the civilization. Sumerians were the first to develop a civilization in Mesopotamia. That is why the civilization has been named after them i.e. Sumerian civilization.
• As per excavations, there were three types of cities in Mesopotamia. They were religious, commercial and royal cities. Ur, Lagash, Kish, Uruk and Mari were some of the most important cities of Mesopotamian civilization.

• A gulf is a large body of water almost encircled by land except for a small mouth that opens out to the sea. A strait is a strip of water that separates two lands or two large bodies of water. • Straits are used for navigational purposes and have played an integral part when it comes to shipping routes. Gulfs are more useful for human settlements, as such areas provide easy access to the ocean while being well protected as well. • Gulfs can be easily associated with inland bodies of water as well as the ocean. Straits are mostly discussed with regards to the ocean.

Can you think why Sunita’s hair was standing?

Ans. We know that on earth, our hair remain in downwards portion due to earth’s gravitational force. But in space, there is no such gravitational force. That is why Sunita’s hair were standing.

This method is used to separate the mixture of two miscible liquids where difference between their boiling points is less than 25 ºC. Also to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for which the difference in boiling points is less than 25 K, fractional distillation process is used, for example, for the separation of different gases from air, different factions from petroleum products etc. The apparatus is similar to that for simple distillation, except that a fractionating column is fitted in between the distillation flask and the condenser. A simple fractionating column is a tube packed with glass beads. The beads provide surface for the vapours to cool and condense repeatedly, as shown in following figure.

Petroleum was formed from dead organisms that got buried in the sea millions of years ago. These dead bodies got covered with layers of sand and clay. Lack of air, high temperature, and high pressure transformed these dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas.

Coal was formed by the decomposition of large land plants and trees buried under the earth 300 million years ago.About 300 million years ago,the earth had dense forest s in low-lying wet land areas.Due to natural processes like earthquake,volcanoes and floods etc these forests were buried under the surface of earth.As more soil deposited over them,they were compressed.The temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper.Due to high pressure and temperature inside the earth,and in the absence of air,the woods of buried trees was slowly converted into soil.

The slow process by which the dead plants buried deep under the earth have become coal is called Carbonisation.Since coal was formed from remains of plants therefore coal is called a fossil fuel.

When heated in air,coal burns and produce,mainly carbon dioxide gas.A lot of heat energy is also produced during the burning of coal.

Coal is an important because it can be used as a source of heat energy as such,or it can be converted into other forms of energy such as coal gas,coke or electricity.

Party systems:

One-party system:

. In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the government. It is called one-party system.
. We cannot consider one-party system as a good option because this is not a democratic option.
. Any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in elections and provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to power.
  Example: Communist Party of China.

Two-party system:

Describe the various party systems existing in different countries?

. In some countries, power usually changes between two main parties.
. Here, only the two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority seats to form the government.
  Example: USA and UK.

Multi-party system:

. If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power, either on their own or in alliance with others, it is called a multi-party system.
. The multi-party system often appears very messy and leads to political instability.
. At the same time, this system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
  Example: India.

Major Coalitions—NDA, UPA, Left Front.

Anthracite is the best quality of coal with least ash content. Anthracite is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high luster. It has the highest carbon count and contains the fewest impurities of all coals, and has the highest calorific content as compared to other types of coals such as bituminous coal and lignite.

A renewable resource is any natural resource that replaces itself given enough time. The rate of replenishment must be equal to or faster than the rate of usage. As water continuously evaporates from the Earth's surface, it collects in the atmosphere to later come back to the Earth as rain. On the Earth itself surface water replenishes groundwater, and groundwater replaces surface water. With careful management and responsible usage, water is a renewable resource.

Coal and petroleum are non-renewable exhaustible natural resources as once used they are lost forever. They are not replenished by nature and their formation takes a very long period of time. On the other hand, inexhaustible resources are renewable resources that get replenished by nature and hence, they don't get depleted when used. For example, forests, water etc.

Differences between Political Executives and Permanent Executives :

excluding or not admitting other things.

Answer:
The poet calls the world ‘A world of possessions’ because man values and is valued on the basis of his worldly possessions. All his feelings and his whole life are dominated by his possessions.

Just as the Indian Constitution lists the fundamental right (FRs) that are available to the people of India under its Part III, the South African Constitution contains analogous rights in Chapter 2 titled Bill of Rights (BoRs). The following are some similarities and dissimilarities between the FRs and BoRs:

Similarities:
(1) Both FRs and BoRs form the bedrock of the constitution and democracy under the Indian and SA Constitutions respectively. 
(2) Just as the FRs under Indian Constitution, the BoRs under the SA Constitution are available against the State. In fact some limited rights under both Constitutions are available against private citizens also.
(3) Under both Constitutions, while most rights are available to citizens alone, some universally recognised rights such as the right to life and equality are available to all persons. 
(4) Neither the FRs nor BoRs are absolute. Both are subject to reasonable restrictions and limitations.

Differences:
(1) Given the SA Constitution was framed in 1996, it had the benefit of hindsight and was able to learn lot more from experiences of other vibrant democracies like India. This advantage is reflected in the fact that the BoRs is the most elaborate and extensive set of rights endowed upon citizens anywhere in the world including India. For e.g., rights such as the right to privacy and the right to healthy environment which had to be read into FRs in India by the judiciary are explicitly mentioned in the BoRs.
(2) Right to vote which finds a place in the BoRs is only a statutory/legal right in India i.e., it does not have the status of a FR.
(3) Right to property, which finds a place in the BoRs, was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44nd Constitutional Amendment and has been placed under Art 300A thereby reducing its status to that of a legal right.
(4) Right to information, which is included in BoRs, is only a statutory right in India.
(5) The SA Constitution provides for creation of a special constitutional court for the enforcement of BoRs. This court has jurisdiction only over constitutional matters and controversies. Under the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court is endowed with writ jurisdiction. However, it also exercises many other kinds of jurisdictions concurrently. This makes a difference because the special constitution court is less burdened and therefore can spend larger amount of time and expertise in adjudicating and interpreting the provisions of BoRs.

The Right against Exploitation enshrined in the Indian Constitution guarantees dignity of the individual. It also prohibits the exploitation or misuse of service by force or inducement in the following ways:

• It prohibits human trafficking i.e. it criminalises buying and selling of human beings like a commodity. It also prohibits use of women or girls for immoral purposes.
• It prohibits slavery, begar, bonded labour or other forms of forced labour. Begar is a term used for practice wherein the worker has to render free service to his master or at a nominal rate. The State has been given the authority to introduce compulsory service for such persons in order to stop the practice. The government cannot discriminate on the basis of religion, race, colour, etc.
• It prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories, mines and other hazardous activities. 

A reflex angle is an angle which is more than 180 degrees and less than 360 degrees. In geometry, there are different types of angles such as acute, obtuse and right angle, which are under 180 degrees.

Formatting in excel is a neat trick in excel which is used to change the appearance of the data represented in the worksheet, formatting can be done in multiple ways such as we can format the font of the cells or we can format the table by using the styles and format tab available in the home tab. In the organization of information according to preset specifications (usually for computer processing) Synonyms: data format, format, formatting Types: high-level formatting. (computer science) the format for the root directory and the file allocation tables and other basic configurations.

Franz entered the school. He noticed many unusual things in the school. It was all so still, calm and quiet like Sunday morning. The whole school looked strange and solemn. There was no hustle and bustle. The rapping of the teacher’s ruler on the table was not heard. The voice of the students repeating the lessons and the opening and closing of the desks was not heard. It was quite unusual and surprising.