World Health Organisation (WHO): “Health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity” (old definition).
WHO : “Attainment of life to lead a socially and economically productive life.” (new definition)
J.F. William : "It is the quality of life to live most and serve the best."
Webster’s Encyclopaedia : "It is the state of individual to mobilise his resources intellectually, emotionally and physically for optimum living."
Voltmer & Esslinger: “Health is considered as that mental and physical condition in which individual is functionally well-adjusted internally as concern of body parts and externally as concern of environment.”

• The development goal differs in each individual. The phrase means that each person defines development in his/her own way. The steps which shift them to success are considered as development by them.

• Development of one leads to the destruction of others. For example, if the government finds that in a farm of the rural village huge amount of methane is found in depth, for the development of country it will try to take over it. But this may not be accepted by the village people as they feel that it will destroy their development in farming and agriculture

The route spanning the Grand Trunk (GT) road existed during the Maurya Empire, extending from the mouth of the Ganges to the north-western frontier of the Empire. The predecessor of the modern road was rebuilt by Sher Shah Suri, who renovated and extended the ancient Mauryan route in the 16th century. The road was considerably upgraded in the British period between 1833 and 1860.

“The square of the period of orbit, divided by the cube of the radius of the orbit, is equal to a constant (Kepler's Constant) for that one object being orbited.”

In astronomy, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the sun.

• Kepler first law – The law of orbits
• Kepler’s second law – The law of equal areas
• Kepler’s third law – The law of periods

आँकड़ों में किसी घटना की आवृत्ति संख्या होती है। किसी प्रयोग या अध्ययन में अवलोकन का समय दर्ज / दर्ज किया गया। इन आवृत्तियों को अक्सर हिस्टोग्राम में चित्रमय रूप से दर्शाया जाता है।

In statistics the frequency of an event is the number of times the observation occurred/recorded in an experiment or study. These frequencies are often graphically represented in histograms.

According to the poet, the world will end due to the 'fire', which symbolises desire. But if the world had to end twice then it will be due to the hatred symbolised by 'ice'.

Preparation of Colloids

A few ways to prepare colloids are given below

•  Chemical method : Colloids can be prepared by chemical reactions leading to formation of molecules by double decomposition, oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis. These molecules then aggregate to form sols 

• Electrical Disintegration/ Bredig’s arc Method: This is applied to obtain colloidal sols of metals like gold, silver and platinum.  An electric arc is stuck between the electrodes of the metal immersed in the dispersion medium. The intense heat produced vapourises the metal, which then condenses to form particles of colloidal size.

• Peptization- It is the process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with dispersion medium in the presence of a small amount of electrolyte. The electrolyte used for this is called peptizing agent. During peptization the precipitate absorbs the one of the ions of the electrolyte on its surface. This causes +veor –vecharge to develop on the precipitate, which ultimately break up into small particles of the size of a colloid.

The introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of seeds and the increased use of chemical fertilisers and irrigation are known collectively as Green Revolution. It provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in foodgrains, thus improved the agricultural sector in India. High yielding wheat was first introduced to India in 1968 by American agronomist Norman Borlaug. Borlaug has been hailed as father of Green Revolution, but MS Swaminathan is known as 'Father of Green Revolution in India'.. Thus, Green Revolution is the term used to describe a new strategy of agricultural development introduced in the late 1960s, in India. It brought about significant increase in food production in India.
The main features of Green Revolution in India were as follows
(i) High Yielding Varieties seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grain on a single plant.
(ii) Use of advanced technology, chemical fertilisers, pesticides and well-developed system of irrigation.
(iii) These steps solved food crisis in India and made India self-sufficient in foodgrains.
(iv) This led to higher income growth and reduced poverty.
(v) This led to commercialisation of agriculture. In many areas, Green Revolution is associated with loss of soil fertility due to increased use of chemical fertilisers. Also, continuous use of groundwater for tubewell irrigation has reduced the water level below the ground.

Mechanism Of Micelle Formation-

• Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid and may be represented as RCOO^- Na (e.g. sodium stearate, (CH₃(CH₂)16COO^-Na⁺]) .  Whendissolved into water , it dissociates into  RCOO^- and  Na⁺ ions

• The RCOO^-ion consists of two parts –  long hydrocarbon chain (also called  non – polar tail)  which is hydrophobic (water repelling ) and a polar group  COO^-   (polar head) which is hydrophilic (water loving )

• At higher concentrations(CMC) RCOO- ions form an aggregate of spherical shape with the hydrocarbon chains pointing towards the centre and the COO- part facing outward on the surface of the sphere. This aggregate is called ionic micelle. It may have as many as 100 ions

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century.

In China, elections are regularly held after every five years. Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party. Only those who are members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it were allowed to contest elections held in 2002-03. The government is always formed by the Communist Party. This it the reason that China is not democratic, because in a democracy there exist free and fair elections where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.

On the basis of nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium, colloids can be divided into two forms:

(a) Lyophilic Colloids: As the name lyophilic (liquid-loving or solvent attracting) indicates, lyophilic colloids are the colloids exhibiting a strong interaction between the two phases.
The substances like gum, gelatin, starch, when mixed with a suitable liquid as the dispersion medium, directly form the colloidal sol which is also named as lyophilic sol.

(b) Lyophobic Colloids: Lyophobic' means 'liquid hating', which indicates that in these sols there is little or no interaction between the two phases. Substances like metals and their sulphides, when simply mixed with the dispersion medium do not form colloidal sol. They cannot be prepared by simply mixing the two phases. Such substances are called Lyophobic Sols.

Vocational education should be encouraged so that after education, people do not have difficulty in getting jobs because they will better trained for work.   (i) More use of Information Technology (IT) should be made in giving education.   (ii) Education should cater to the needs of the employment markets.   (iii) More opportunities should be made available in the tertiary sector where more educated unemployed people can find jobs.  

5×2+0×5+8×0+9+8

= 10+0×5+8×0+9+8

= 10 +8×0+9 + 8

= 10 + 9 + 8

= 19 + 8

= 27

The reasons why India enjoys a strategic position with reference to International Trade Route: 

1. India is centrally located between East and the West Asia. This allows them to be in contact with countries on both its side.
2. Secondly, there is a trans Indian Ocean route that helps India to connect with the countries of Europe in the West and countries in East Asia.
3. Finally, the southmost part of the country known as Deccan Peninsula potrudes into the Indian Ocean thereby helping in maintaining contact with the West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast.

1.1 On the basis of your understanding of the passage, complete the statements given below by choosing the most appropriate option: ( Any five) (a) i. limiting education to academic boundaries. (b) iv. to focus on overall development. (c) iii.iIntellectual development. (d) ii. their real life experiences. (e) iv. the foundation (f) ii. creativity 1.2 Answer the following briefly: (a) Being creative and unique (b)Students must step out into the outside world. (c) Co-curricular activities that take place outside the classroom but reinforce or supplement classroom curriculum. (d) Visiting industries will give a better insight into industries (e)Soft skills are developed only through practical exposure and opportunities to implement what they have learnt. 1.3 Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following: i. Hoax ii. Coordination

• Concern for the striking workers.
• Leadership necessary to lead the strike.
• Welfare for the workers
• Fight against injustice done to workers.

Colloids can be classified according to different properties of the dispersed phase and medium.

Firstly, based on the types of particles of the dispersed phase, colloids can be classified as:

• Multimolecular colloids
• Macromolecular colloids
• Associated colloids