The first trophic level in any food chain is of producers which are green plants. They capture sunlight and convert solar energy into chemical energy. This energy is then transferred to other organisms as they feed on producers. The energy transferred from one trophic level follows 10 per cent law according to which only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to subsequent higher trophic level. Thus this energy is in the form of chemical energy.

Adrienne Rich’s “The Trees” is a nature poem. Forest is the natural habitat of trees, birds and insects. In the absence of trees in the forest, the ecological balance will be disturbed. In this poem, the poetess has personified nature. Man has confined nature within his four walls. Man has uprooted trees and kept them in the modern artificial glasshouses. But nature can’t be subdued for long. The trees struggle to break the artificial bathers. They become free breaking all the bondages and move towards their natural habitat — the forest. Only there they can grow to the natural vastness, grandeur and dimensions. The poetess tries to convey that like human beings trees also need freedom. They can get their natural growth and freedom when they are in the forest and not in artificial houses made by human beings.

• National parties are some countrywide parties and almost follow similar policies and programmes at the national level.
• Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. The Commission offers some special facilities to the large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol—only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
• Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called ‘Recognised Political Parties’.
• The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.

Nelson Mandela , in full Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, byname Madiba, (born July 18, 1918, Mvezo, South Africa—died December 5, 2013, Johannesburg), Black nationalist and the first Black president of South Africa (1994–99). His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. F.W. de Klerk helped end the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule. Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 for their efforts.

An ammeter is a device (instrument) used for measuring large electric currents in ‘ circuits. For this purpose, it is put in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured.
For accurate measurement, an ammeter must have following two properties:

1. A very small resistance (zero in ideal case).
2. A very large current carrying capacity.

It is done by connecting low resistance in parallel with the coil of the galvanometer. This parallel low resistance is called shunt. The shunt reduces the overall resistance of the ammeter and increases its current carrying capacity.

Multi-party System: If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming in power either on their own strength or in alliance with others we call it a multi-party system.
Party system is not something, any country can choose. It evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social and regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections.

• These cannot be changed very quickly.
• India has evolved a multi-party system because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties.
• This system allows for a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
• Such representation strengthens democracy.

National Party

A registered party is recognized as a National Party if it fulfils one of these conditions:

1. It wins 2% of the seats in Lok Sabha from at least 3 States.

2. The party polls 6% of the votes in 4 States and wins 4 Lok Sabha seats in a General Election.

3. The party gets recognition as a State Party in 4 or more States.

State Party

A registered party is recognized as a State Party if it fulfils any one of the following conditions:

1. It wins minimum 3% of the total number of seats or a minimum of 3 seats in the Legislative Assembly.

2. The party wins at least 1 seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allocated to that State.

3. It secures at least 6% of the total valid votes polled in a General Election to a Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly and wins at least 1 Lok Sabha and 2 Legislative Assembly seats in that election.

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पद भक्त सूरदास के द्वारा रचित ‘सूरसागर’ के भ्रमरगीत से लिया गया है जिसे हमारी पाठ्‌य-पुस्तक में संकलित किया गया है। श्रीकृष्ण के द्वारा भेजे गए उद्धव ने गोपियों को ब्रज में संदेश सुनाया था जिसे सुनकर वह हताश हो गई थीं। वे तो श्रीकृष्ण को ही अपना एकमात्र सहारा मानती थीं पर उन्हीं के द्वारा भेजा हुआ हृदय-विदारक संदेश सुन कर वे पीड़ा और निराशा से भर उठी थीं। उन्होंने कातर स्वर में उद्धव से कहा था ।

व्याख्या- हे उद्धव! हमारे मन में छिपी बात तो मन में ही रह गई है अर्थात् वे तो सोचती थीं कि जब श्रीकृष्ण वापिस आएंगे तब वे उन्हें विरह-वियोग में झेले सारे कष्टों की बातें सुनाएंगी पर अब तो उन्होंने निराकार ब्रह्म को प्राप्त करने का संदेश भेज दिया है। अब उन के द्वारा त्याग दिए जाने पर हम अपनी असहनीय विरह-पीड़ा की कहानी किसे जा कर सुनाएं? अब तो हम से यह और अधिक कही भी नहीं जाती। अब तक हम उन के वापिस लौटने की अवधि के सहारे अपने तन और मन से इस विरह-पीड़ा को सहती आ रही थीं। अब तो इन योग के संदेशों को सुन कर हम विरहिनियां वियोग में जलने लगी हैं। विरह के सागर में डूबती हुई हम गोपियों को जहाँ से सहायता मिलने की आशा थी और जहाँ हम अपनी रक्षा के लिए पुकार लगाना चाहती थीं अब उसी स्थान से योग संदेश रूपी जल की ऐसी प्रबल धारा बही है कि यह हमारे प्राण लेकर ही रुकेगी अर्थात् श्रीकृष्ण ने हमें भुला कर योग साधना करने का संदेश भेज कर हमारे प्राण ले लेने का कार्य किया है। हे उद्धव! तुम्हीं बताओ कि अब हम धैर्य धारण कैसे करें? जिन श्रीकृष्ण के लिए हम ने अपनी अन्य सभी मर्यादाओं को त्याग दिया था अब उन्हीं श्रीकृष्ण के द्वारा हमें त्याग देने से हमारी संपूर्ण मर्यादा नष्ट हो गई है।

 roasting
Sulphide ores are transformed into oxides by the process of roasting. In this process, concentrated ore is heated in the presence of surplus air. Example: Zinc blende, ZnS, a sulphide ore of zinc, is roasted in the presence of air. Onroasting​, zinc sulphide gets transformed into zinc oxide.

Let AC be the ladder of length 5 m and BC = 4 m be the height of the wall, which ladder is placed. If the foot of the ladder is moved 1.6 m towards the wall i.e, AD = 1.6 m, then the ladder is slide upward i.e. ,CE = x m.
In right angled ΔABC,

Hence, the top of the ladder would slide upwards on the wall at distance 0.8 m.

गैल्वेनोमीटर एक ऐसा उपकरण है जो किसी सर्किट में करंट की मौजूदगी का पता लगा सकता है। जब सर्किट से प्रवाहित होने वाली धारा शून्य होती है, तो गैल्वेनोमीटर का पॉइंटर शून्य पर रहता है। वर्तमान की दिशा के आधार पर, सूचक या तो बाईं ओर या शून्य चिह्न के दाईं ओर झुकता है।

A Goan baker appears to be a plump and healthy man, wearing the traditional Kabai dress. He carries a bamboo staff and a huge basket. He is welcomed and respected everywhere. He is called a ‘pader’.

Remainder is 0 hence t² -3 is a factor of 2t⁴ + 3t³ – 2t² – 9t – 12