The two essential bases for the comparison of development level of the two different countries are:

• Per capita income, which means the income obtained while investing particular amount of capital.

• Total National income is determined by adding up the incomes from three different sectors viz, primary, secondary and tertiary.

In modern democracies, power sharing can take many forms, as mentioned below:

1. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This is called horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
2. Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level which is called federal government.
3. Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.
4. Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. When two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections and if they get elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

benefits of networking :-

• by the help of networking we are able to talk with our friends which are very far to us.
• the another and the main advantage of networking is that by networking we will able to learn many things and also we can practice
• where the help of networking we can do online shopping .

Silver has the lowest resistivity. Hence, silver is the best conductor.

Given that,

length {tex}l_{2}=2l_{1}{/tex}

The resistance of the wire is equal to the product of resistivity of the material and length of the wire divided by the area of cross section.

The resistance of the wire is defined as,

{tex}R = \dfrac{\rho l}{A}{/tex}

Where, \rho= resistivity of the material

A = area of cross section

R = resistance of the wire

The volume of both wire is same.

The volume of original wire = volume of new wire

So,{tex}V_{1}=V_{2}{/tex}

{tex}A_{1}l_{1}=A_{2}l_{2}{/tex}

If a wire is stretched to double its length

{tex}l_{2}=2l_{1}{/tex}

Then, {tex}A_{1}l_{1}=A_{2}\times2l_{1}{/tex}

{tex}A_{2}=\dfrac{A_{1}}{2}{/tex}

The resistivity of the material is ,

{tex}\rho = \dfrac{RA}{l}{/tex}

The resistivity of the material of the original wire is

{tex}\rho = \dfrac{R_{1}A_{1}}{l_{1}}.....(I){/tex}

The resistivity of the material of the new wire is

{tex}\rho' = \dfrac{R_{2}A_{2}}{l_{2}}.....(II){/tex}

The ratio of the resistivity of the material of the wire is

{tex}\dfrac{\rho}{\rho'}=\dfrac{ \dfrac{R_{1}A_{1}}{l_{1}}}{ \dfrac{R_{2}A_{2}}{l_{2}}}{/tex}

Put the value in the equation

{tex}\dfrac{\rho}{\rho'}=\dfrac{R_{1}2A_{1}2l_{1}}{R_{2}A_{1}l_{1}}{/tex}

{tex}\dfrac{\rho}{\rho'}=\dfrac{4R_{1}}{R_{2}}{/tex}

{tex}\rho'=\dfrac{\rho R_{2}}{4R_{1}}{/tex}

Hence, The new resistivity of the material of the wire is {tex}\dfrac{\rho R_{2}}{4R_{1}}.{/tex}

The Constitution declared India as a union of states based on the principles of federalism. The constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the union or the central government representing Union of India and the state governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. As in any federation, these different tiers enjoyed separate juridisction. The Constitution provided a three - fold distribution of legislative powers.

1. Union List: includes subjects of national importance i.e. defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking communications and currency.
2. Concurrent List: Contains subjects of common interest to both the union government as well as the state governments i.e. education, forests, trade unions, marriages, adoption and succession. In case of dispute, law made by the union government shall prevail.
3. State List: Contains subjects of state and local importance i.e. police, trade, agriculture, etc.
4. Residuary : Subjects which do not fall in any of the three lists i.e. computer software etc. Union government has the power to legislate such subjects.
   • As India is an example of ‘holding together’ federation, all states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. Some states enjoy special status such as Jammu and Kashmir. There are some states too small to become independent like the UTs of Chandigarh and Lakshadweep.
   • This sharing of powers between the union government and state governments is basic to the structure of the constitution. Any change to it, has to be passed by both the Houses of the Parliament with at least 2/3rd majorities.
   • The judiciary plays an important role in the implementation of constitutional procedures. In case of any dispute about division of powers, the High Courts the Supreme Court, make a decision.

The chemical equation needs to be balanced so that it follows the law of conservation of mass. A balanced chemical equation occurs when the number of the different atoms of elements in the reactants side is equal to that of the products side. Balancing chemical equations is a process of trial and error.

For a polynomial, there could be some values of the variable for which the polynomial will be zero. These values are called zeros of a polynomial. Sometimes, they are also referred to as roots of the polynomials, In general, we use to find the zeros of quadratic equations, to get the solutions for the given equation.

Zeros of a polynomial can be defined as the points where the polynomial becomes zero on the whole. A polynomial having value zero (0) is called zero polynomial. The degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable x.

• A polynomial of degree 1 is known as a linear polynomial.
  The standard form is ax + b, where a and b are real numbers and a≠0.
  2x + 3 is a linear polynomial.
• A polynomial of degree 2 is known as a quadratic polynomial.
  Standard form is ax² + bx + c, where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0
  x²+ 3x + 4 is an example for quadratic polynomial.
• Polynomial of degree 3 is known as a cubic polynomial.
  Standard form is ax³+ bx² + cx + d, where a, b, c and d are real numbers and a≠0.
  x³ + 4x + 2 is an example for cubic polynomial.

Similarly,

y⁶ + 3y⁴ + y is a polynomial in y of degree 6.

3x + 2ky - 2 = 0               ;             2x + 5y + 1 = 0
a₁ = 3                                            a₂ = 2
b₁ = 2k                                          b₂ = 5
c₁ = -2                                           c₂ = 1

For parallel lines :-
 a₁  =  b₁  ≠  c₁ 
 a₂      b₂      c₂

3  =  2k  ≠  -2 
2       5        1

 15  = k
  4

k ≠ -5

Resource Planning. Resource planning refers to the strategy for planned and judicious utilisation of resources. Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
Resource planning is essential for India as there is enormous diversity in the availability of resources. For example the state of Rajasthan has vast potential for the development of solar and wind energy but is deficient in water resources.
The cold desert of Ladakh has rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water and some strategic minerals.
The state of Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks infrastructure which shows mere availability of resources in the absence of technology and institutions hinders development.
This shows that the resource planning is needed at the national, regional, state and local levels for balanced development of a country.

The very three basic goals of the persons’ life are the following which is also the basic needs.

Money: adequate wealth is important to fulfil the basic requirements.

Prestige: when adequate wealth is available, prestigious status in society is demandable.

Recognised status: appropriate status in the society is also an important goal.

The three principles that describe how the economy as a whole works are: (1) a country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services; (2) prices rise when the government prints too much money; and (3) society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. The functioning of the global economy can be explained through one word —transactions. International transactions taking place between top economies in the world help in the continuance of the global economy. These transactions mainly comprise trade taking place between different countries.

Each living cell has the capacity to perform certain basic functions that are characteristic of all living forms. There is a division of labour in multicellular organisms such as human beings. Different parts of the body perform different functions like the human body has a heart to pump blood and stomach to digest food. Similarly, division of labour is also seen within a single cell. Each cell has got certain specific components within it known as cell organelles which perform a special function such as making new material in the cell, clearing up the waste material from the cell.

Features of Red and Yellow soil :-

1) The colour of these soils is generally brown and yellow. Red colour is due to the percentage of iron content in it.

2) These soils are a type of soil which develops in a warm, temperate, moist climate under deciduous or mixed forests and they have thin type organic and inorganic-mineral layers overlying a yellowish-brown leached layer resting on an red layer.

3) These soils are poor growing soils, low in nutrients and humus and difficult to cultivate because of its lower water holding capacity.

4) These soils denote the third largest soil group of India covering an area of 3.5 lakhs square kilometer which is 10.6 % of India's total area.

5) These soils are found in the large tracts of Western Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Southern Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Chhota Nagpur plateau of Jharkhand. Scattered patches are also seen in Birbhum (West Bengal), Mirzapur, Jhansi, Banda, Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh), Udaipur, Chittaurgarh, Dungarpur, Banswara and Bhilwara districs (Rajasthan).