Parser is a compiler that is used to break the data into smaller elements coming from lexical analysis phase. A parser takes input in the form of sequence of tokens and produces output in the form of parse tree. Parsing is of two types: top down parsing and bottom up parsing.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the discontent and various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

• Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted to establish individual freedom and equality before the law and equal political rights.
• Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.The Issue of political rights to women also was a social issue. Liberal also stressed the inviolability of private property.
• Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

A lone pair is the valence electron pair without bonding or withut sharing with other atoms. They are found in the outermost electron shell of an atom, so the lone pairs are a subset of a molecule's valence electrons. They can be identified by examining the outermost energy level of an atom—lone electron pairs consist of paired electrons as opposed to single electrons, which may appear if the atomic orbital is not full. Electron pairs are therefore considered lone pairs if two electrons are paired but are not used in chemical bonding. Thus, the number of lone electrons plus the number of bonding electrons equal the total number of valence electrons in a compound.

Culturable Waste Land includes land available for cultivation, whether taken up or not taken up for cultivation once, but not cultivated during the last five years or more in succession including the current year for some reason or the other .

A fallow field is land that a farmer plows but does not cultivate for one or more seasons to allow the field to become more fertile again. The practice of leavingfields fallow dates back to ancient times when farmers realized that using soil over and over again depleted its nutrients.

Life processes such as
i. Nutrition
ii. Respiration
iii. Transportation
iv. Locomotion
v. Excretion
vi. Reproduction
vii. Sensitivity; are the processes essential for maintaining life.

The two principels of development are

•     Development is linked with the desire to improve the present condition .
•     Development involves thinking about the ways in which we works towards achieving our desire goal.

The main features of 'Boycott Movement' and 'Swadeshi Movement' are as follows:
1. To non-cooperate with the British government and make it collapse.
2. To boycot or cut out buying Brirish goods made in our country.
3. To create India's own goods and buying those only. eg. khadi.(swadeshi goods)
4. To protest the ruling British government and shouting slogans such as 'swatantra Bharat' etc.

An ordered triple is a list of 3 elements written in a certain order. As with ordered pairs, order is important. For example, the numbers 1, 2 and 3 can form 6 ordered triples: (1,2,3), (1,3,2), (2,1,3), (2,3,1), (3,1,2), (3,2,1).

India a federal country because of the following reasons:

• There are levels of governments—Central Government, State Government and Local Government.
• Each level of government administers over the same region, but they have their own jurisdiction in matters of administration, taxation and legislation.
• The Government at each level derives its power from the Constitution of the country. Thus, the Central Government cannot easily dilute the powers of the State or Local Governments.
• The basic principles of the Constitution and the rights given to the people cannot be changed by only one tier of the Government. It requires the consent of governments at both levels.
• Both levels of the Government can collect taxes from the people according to the guidelines of the Constitution of the country.
• The Indian Constitution contains three lists which contain subjects in which the Union and the State Governments may form laws. Only central government can make laws in the Union List and state government in the state list. Subjects related to the interests of both Central and State Governments are included in the concurrent list.

This statement is given by Mahatma Gandhi: 

(i) It means that the earth has abundant resources to satisfy everyone’s needs but in our greed and hurry to develop, we have been recklessly exploiting these resources. 

(ii) In the name of development, we have indulged in activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, encroachment into forest lands, overuse of ground water, use of plastics, etc. 

(iii) The exploitation of natural resources not only harms the environment but may cripple the future generations of the development process itself. 

(iv) If fossil fuels are exhausted, the development of all countries would be at risk. 

(v) Thus, there is a need for conservation and judicious use of resources for development.

The Functions of Political Parties.Political parties perform an importanttask in government. They bring people together to achieve control of thegovernment, develop policies favorable to their interests or the groups that support them, and organize and persuade voters to elect their candidates to office.

•     Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of country. This involves surveying, mapping etc.
•     Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology , skill and institutional setup for implementing resource development plans.
•     Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.