Union List

(i) This list includes subjects of national importance like defence, foreign affairs, atomic energy, etc. 
(ii) Only the central government can pass laws on these subjects. 
(iii) This list contains 97 subjects. 

Concurrent List 

(i) This list includes the subjects which are of common concern both to the centre and the state govern-ments. 
(ii) Both the central and the state governments can frame laws on these subjects. 
(iii) This list contains 47 subjects. 

Subjects which are not present in any of the lists mentioned in the constitution are known as Residuary Subjects. Union Government has the powers to make laws on Residuary Subjects. Such subjects include: Computer software, e-commerce etc. These subjects came into being after the constitution was created.

Protein Digestion.It also activates other trypsinogen molecules, as well as other protein-digesting enzymes secreted as proenzymes with pancreatic juice. Therefore, trypsin is essential for normal function of digestive processes that convert food proteins into amino acids for absorption.

Let speed of boat in still water be x km/h and speed of stream be y km/h.

Speed upstream= (x - y) km/h

Speed downstream= (x + y) km/h

On subtracting, we get,

_{On solving, we get,}

Speed of boat in still water = 8 km/h

And, Speed of stream = 3 km/h

Euclid division lemma:-

a=bq+r

First find the HCF of 693 and 567,

693=567(1)+126

567=126(4)+63

126=63(2)+0

HCF of 693 and 567 is 63.

Now find the HCF of 63 and 441,

441=63(7)+0

The HCF of 63 and 441 is 63.

Therefore, the HCF of 441,567 and 693 is 63.

Multi-purpose projects, launched after Independence with their integrated water resources management approach, were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress, overcoming the handicap of its colonial past. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

Baking soda is a chemical compound which is also called as - Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃).

1. Antacid / medicine - NaHCO₃ acts like an absorbable antacid. Baking soda imitates the action of natural sodium bicarbonate in the body and neutralizes the stomach acid relieving acid reflux.

2. Food/ Baking - When baking soda is mixed with moisture and with an acidic substance like yogurt, buttermilk etc, a chemical reaction occurs which produces carbon dioxide gas as bubbles. These bubbles expand under hot temperatures like in the oven while it is baking. This causes the baked bread or cake to become soft and spongy.

3. Soda-acid fire extinguisher - A soda-acid fire extinguisher is usually a mixture of baking soda and an acid which is commonly sulfuric acid. It is used as a pressurized expeller to put off the fire. When it is expelled, a reaction in between the contents of the soda-acid occurs which releases carbon dioxide that extinguishes the fire.

The main difference between mineral acid and organic acid is that mineral acids are inorganic compounds composed of different chemical element combinations whereas organic acids are organic compounds essentially composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms. For example, HCN has a carbon atom although it is an inorganic acid. Organic acids have carbon and hydrogen as constituents. Inorganic acids or mineral acids need not have carbon and hydrogen. example of organic acid- the sulfonic acids, of formula R-SO3H.

Q: Use Euclid's division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m,9m+1 or 9m+8

Let x be any positive integer. Then, it is of the form 3q or, 3q + 1 or, 3q + 2.

So, we have the following cases :

Case I : When x = 3q.

then, x³ = (3q)³ = 27q³ = 9 (3q³) = 9m, where m = 3q³.

Case II : When x = 3q + 1

then, x³ = (3q + 1)³

= 27q³ + 27q² + 9q + 1

= 9 q (3q² + 3q + 1) + 1

= 9m + 1, where m = q (3q² + 3q + 1)

Case III. When x = 3q + 2

then, x³ = (3q + 2)³

= 27 q³ + 54q² + 36q + 8

= 9q (3q² + 6q + 4) + 8

= 9 m + 8, where m = q (3q² + 6q + 4)

Hence, x³ is either of the form 9 m or 9 m + 1 or, 9 m + 8.

Impact of the French Revolution:

1. The French Revolution is significant for the fact that it marked the end of the institution of absolute monarchy in France and saw the establishment of a Republic.
2. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, which had become the guiding principles of the French Revolution, also became the foundational values of the French Republic.
3. The Revolution led to the establishment of a democratic government for the first time in Europe.
4. Feudalism as an institution was buried by the Revolution, and the Church and the clergy were brought under State control.
5. It led to the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as the Emperor of France.
6. It also signified the end of ancient beliefs and political systems and a qualified acceptance of the new era of Industrial Revolution.
7. It popularised the idea of nationalism. It also led to the eventual development of the Welfare State.
8. The success of the French Revolution inspired people all over the world, and especially in Europe. Mobilised by the spirit of nationalism and the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity, people rose in revolt against the absolutist autocratic State and strived to install democracy as the new form of Government. 

Hydrogen gas and zinc sulphate are formed when zinc granules are treated with sulphuric acid.

<i>Zn + H₂SO₄ ⇨ ZnSO₄ + H₂</i>

Zinc chloride and hydrogen gas are formed, when zinc granules are treated with hydrochloric acid.

<i>Zn + 2HCl ⇨ ZnCl₂ + H₂</i>

Similarly, hydrogen gas and zinc nitrate are formed when zinc granules are treated with nitric acid.

<i>Zn + 2HNO₃ ⇨ Zn(NO₃ )₂ + H₂</i>

Since, zinc is less reactive than sodium, thus no reaction takes place when zinc granules are treated with sodium chloride.

Sodium zincate and hydrogen gas are formed when zinc granules are treated with sodium hydroxide and water.

<i>Zn + 2H₂O + 2NaOH ⇨ Na₂Zn(OH)₄ + H₂</i>

A mixture or an alloy of mercury with a number of metals or alloys such as sodium as well as with some non-metals is known as amalgam.

Uses:

1. Sodium is highly reactive metal and therefore it is difficult to transport. To lower its reactivity, it is mixed with mercury.

2. Dental amalgam is a mixture of mercury and a silver-tin alloy and is used for fillings in teeth.

Amalgam fillings are often known as “silver fillings.” Dental amalgam is a mixture of mercury, silver, tin and copper. Mercury, which makes up about 50% of the compound, binds the metals together to provide a strong, durable filling.

Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals or a metal and a non metal.

They are prepared in the following ways:

(i) Melting the primary metal.

(ii) Dissolving the other elements in a definite proportion and then cooling them to room temperature.

Constituents and uses of the alloys are:

1. Brass: It is an alloy of copper and zinc

    Uses: In making utensils and scientific instruments.

2. Bronze: It is an alloy of copper and tin

    Uses: In making statues and medals.

3. Solder: It is an alloy of lead and tin

4. Stainless steel: alloy of Iron

Microblogging is an online broadcast medium that exists as a specific form of blogging. A micro-blog differs from a traditional blog in that its content is typically smaller in both actual and aggregated file size.

1. Pepsin is an enzyme which acts only in acidic medium. Trypsine is an enzyme which acts in alkaline medium.
2. Pepsin is secreted by gastric juice. Trypsin secreted by pancreatic juice.
3. Pepsin is secreted in stomach, Trypsin is secreted in small intestine.
4. Pepsin is situated in gastric glands, Trypsin is situated in pancreas

The movement in the cities started with the participation of the middle class people. Thousands if students, teachers , principles boycotted the imperial institutions. Lawyers gave up their lega practice. Council elections were boycotted in many cities, except in madras, where the non-brahmans felt that entering the elections was one way of gaining power, usually the brahmans has access to.
Middle class people started boycotting the use of foreign goods , merchants and traders denied trading foreign goods and to finance foreign trade.

Due to the boycott movement production in Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. And the value of trade dropped from rs102 crore to rs 57crore between 1921-1922.

•  They are those languages which are included in the Eighth schedule of the Indian constitution. 
• These languages have been accorded official status. 
•  For example, Hindi,Bodo, Gujarati, Kashmiri. 

Wearing a face mask or other covering over the mouth and nose reduces the forward distance traveled by an exhaled breath by more than 90 percent.

 face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the disease.

A border dispute is when two governments or more do not agree on the location of the border between their lands. An example is Pakistan and India over the territory of Kashmir.

(i) Extraction of copper metal - Copper glance (Cu2S):

1. Concentration of the ore (removal of unwanted metals and gangue to purify the ore) is done by Froth floatation method as it is a sulphide ore.

2. Roasting: Copper glance (Cu2S) is roasted in the presence of air. Roasting turns copper glance (ore of copper) into copper (I) oxide.

3. Reduction: Copper oxide is then heated in the absence of air. This reduces copper (I) oxide into copper metal.

4. Refining impure metal: The reduced metal is purified by electrolytic refining method.

Electrolysis of copper from copper sulphate solution (electrolyte) is done using copper electrodes. The crude copper serves as anode while a thin sheet of pure copper serves as cathode.

The electrolyte consists of an acidic solution of CuSO4. Applying suitable voltage to the electrodes causes, 

oxidation of copper metal at the anode (Cu -----> Cu2+  + 2e) and 

reduction of Cu2+ to form copper metal at the cathode (Cu2+ + 2e -------> Cu).

As the anodes (impure copper) dissolve away, the cathodes on which the pure metal is deposited grow in size.

The impurities in the copper anode which are more active than copper are readily oxidized at the anode but do not plate out at the cathode because their reduction potentials are more negative than that for Cu2+.