When a, b, c are real numbers, a 0: If = b² -4 a c = 0, then roots are equal (and real). If = b² -4 a c > 0, then roots are real and unequal. If = b² -4 a c < 0, then roots are complex.

Round Table conferences were a series of conferences that was organized by the British government to discuss various constitutional reforms in India.

Second Round Table conference resulted in a settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. This settlement was known as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference.

Mitochondria are round "tube-like" organelles that provide energy to a cell in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) for performing different chemical activities for the sustainance of life.
The mitochondria is also called powerhouse of the cell.

It is surrounded by two membranes.

• The outer membrane is porous wherea the inner membrane has deep folds that provides a large surface to perform the chemical reactions required for the generation of ATP.
• The inner membrane is compartmentalized into various cristae.
• The ground substance or space enclosed by inner membrane is called matrix.
• Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are hence capable to produce some of their required proteins all by themselves.

Holozoic nutrition can be defined as a method of nutrition which involves the ingestion of some complex organic substances that may be in the solid or the liquid state. Here, certain parts of some plants or some animals or the organism as a whole are ingested. In this type of nutrition, the complex food is transferred into a specialized digestive system where it is broken down into small pieces in order to be absorbed. The 5 crucial stages that holozoic nutrition can be broken down into include: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness that emerges when people living in a common region share the same historical, political, cultural background, speak the same language, have the same cultural values and consider themselves as one nation. The factors which promoted to the growth of nationalism in India were:

Economic exploitation, repressive colonial policies, socio-religious reform movements, rediscovery of India's past, influence of western education, role of the press and development of rapid means of transport and communication.

Nephrons are the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Nephrons are composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman’s capsule.

Structure of a Nephrons:

• Nephrons are the basic filtering units of kidneys.
• Each kidney possesses large number of nephrons, approximately 1-1.5 million.
• The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tubule.

The chemical properties of acids 

• Acids change the colour of litmus from blue to red.
• They convert the colour of Methyl Orange from Orange/Yellow to Pink.
• Acids turn the pink colour of Phenolphthalein to colourless.
• Acids can conduct electricity.
• Some Acids are highly corrosive in nature which means that they corrode or rust metals.
• Acids tend to evolve hydrogen gas whilst reacting with an active metal such as Zn, Mg, etc.
• They produce H+ ions when mixed with water.
• Acids lose their acidity when mixed with a base.
• When equal amounts of acid and base are combined the process of neutralization occurs and salt and water is formed,
• The pH value of acid is from 0-6. Learn the concept of pH value here.
• Acids are sour in taste.
• Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas.
• Extremely active metals such as Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), etc tend to explode when combined with acids.

In the chemical properties of  bases 

• They are bitter in taste.
• Bases lose their basicity when mixed with acids.
• Bases react with acids to form salt and water. This process is called Neutralisation Reaction(Read).
• They can conduct electricity.
• Bases feel slippery or soapy.
• Some bases are great conductors of electricity.
• Bases like sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc are used as electrolytes.
• Alkalis are bases that produce hydroxyl ions (OH-) when mixed with water.
• Strong alkalis are highly corrosive in nature whereas other alkalis are mildly corrosive.

Acids

• Acids is defined as the one which produces hydrogen ions in water. For Example, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid etc.

• They give sour taste.

• Acids turn blue litmus to red. This is used as confirmation test for the presence of acid.

• When acids react with metals, gases are evolved.

Reactions with Acids

1. Reaction of Acid with Metal

Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas

Mg + H2 SO4 → H2 + Mg SO4

2. Reaction of Acid with Carbonates

Na2 CO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

3. Reaction of Acid with Bicarbonates

NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

Similarity between Acids and Bases

• Both acids and base react with water. They produce ions in water

• Both acids and bases acts as electrolytes, so are good conductors of electricity.

• Both of them changes the colour of the litmus paper.

Popularly known as the Congress Party, the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It played a dominant role in Indian politics for several decades after India’s Independence.

These are material in the environment which have the potential to satisfy the human needs but could not be used as the human beings do not have the appropriate technology to convert them into usable form. For example, water (H2O) is a compound of two inflammable gases i.e. hydrogen and oxygen but human beings do not have the required technology to use them as a source of energy.

The French Revolution was a milestone episode in modern European history. It began in the year 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. All through that time, residents of France were levelling and restructuring their country’s administrative landscape, uprooting centuries-old foundations such as sheer monarchy and the feudal system. The turmoil was caused due to extensive discontent with the monarchy and the pitiable economic policies of King Louis XVI. The French Revolution played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing its goals and at times disintegrated into a chaotic bloodbath. The social and political structure of France was completely changed due to this revolution. It came to an end to the French feudalism, monarchy and took political power from the Catholic Church. It brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women. These new ideas continued to influence Europe and helped to shape many of Europe's modern-day governments. 

 Before the French Revolution, the people of France were divided into social groups called "Estates." The First Estate included the clergy (church leaders), the Second Estate included the nobles, and the Third Estate. Most of the taxes were used to be paid by third estate people, while the nobility lived lives of luxury and got all the high-ranking jobs. Many of the new political ideas and alliances of the French Revolution were formed in political clubs. They were called Jacobin Club, the Feuillants, the Cordeliers, and the Pantheon Club.         

The democratic rights and right to liberty were the most important heritage of the French revolution. This spread from France to the rest of Europe during the 19th century, where feudal systems were abolished. Later, these ideas were adopted by Indian revolutionary strugglers like Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984. It seeks to represent
Bahujan Samaj, which includes Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), OBCs and religious minorities.
It gets inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and BR Ambedkar.
It has its main base in Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab.
After Kanshi Ram, Mayawati became the leader and formed government in Uttar Pradesh.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984. It seeks to represent
Bahujan Samaj, which includes Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), OBCs and religious minorities.
It gets inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and BR Ambedkar.
It has its main base in Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab.
After Kanshi Ram, Mayawati became the leader and formed government in Uttar Pradesh.

The Solvay Process is a continuous process using limestone (CaCO₃) to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂) which reacts with ammonia (NH₃) dissolved in brine (concentrated NaCl(aq)) to produce sodium carbonate.
The steps in the Solvay Process are:
i. Brine Purification
ii. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Formation
iii. Sodium Carbonate Formation iv. Ammonia Recovery
The solvay process uses salt (NaCl), limestone (CaCO₃​), ammonia(NH₃​) and coke(C) as the raw materials.

the raw materials in the Solvay process are the following:

• Sodium chloride (NaCl) or commonly known as purified brine
• Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) or commonly known as limestone
• Coke
• Ammonia

The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion, where the pores are 0.01 micrometers or larger, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect efficiency regardless of parameters such as the solution's pressure and concentration.

Benefits of membrane filtration

• Lower overall production costs. Membrane filtration systems are often less expensive than many other alternative technologies. ...
• High flexibility. ...
• High end product quality.

Hari Singh decided to come back to Anil because he felt that when Anil would come to know about the theft, he would feel sad, not for the loss of money but for the loss of trust. He did not want to lose his trust.

Lencho had asked God to send him hundred pesos but when he opened the letter, he found only seventy pesos. His faith in God was such that he wrote a letter again blaming the employees of the post office for robbing the remaining thirty pesos. He did not realise that the money was not sent by God. The employees of the postal department were not crooks but they had in fact collected the money to give Lencho and help him out. 

The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex because in that country Dutch speaking people are in majority ( 59 %), while French and German speaking are respectively 40% and 1%. The French live in the Wallonia region and the Dutch lives in flemish region. While this is the case in the country, the capital, Brussels has French speaking people as the majority ( 80%) and Dutch 20%.