Technological Reforms:

For the improvement of agricultural yield, new-technologies and equipment have been introduced in the recent years.

1. Use of tube-wells and water-pumps, tractor, tiller, thresher etc.

2. Similarly, drip irrigation and sprinklers are used for irrigation, where the water supply is less and to irrigate more places with less water.

3. Chemical fertilizers which have been used on a large scale are now being supplemented by biofertilizers to retain the fertility of the land.

4. The farm produces are carried to the market on trucks through all weather roads and faster means of transport.

Institutional Reforms:

1. To initiate with government to provide facilities to the farmers. The government has started many programmes like Green Revolution, White Revolution or Operation floods.

2. The government has assembled small lands to make them economically practicable.

3. Radio and television broadcasting tell farmers about the new and improved techniques of cultivation or to give upto-date knowledge to the farmers.

4. Provision of crop-insurance, rural banking and small-scale cooperative societies protect farmers against the losses caused by crop-failure or help farmers for the modernization of agriculture.

5. The government also announced minimum price for the crop grown by the farmers to remove the elements of uncertainty and get correct price for their products.

(b) Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different. Development goals of a girl from a rich urban family will be surely different from a farmer in Rajasthan. It is because their situations, lifestyle and status are very different from each other. A goal which a person has entirely depends on his or her present life situation. Over a period of time if the situation changes, automatically goals of a person will also change.

• Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and vehicles headlights to get powerful parallel beams of light. 
• They are often used as shaving mirrors to see a larger image of the face. The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth of patients. 
• Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces.

Carbon has a valency of four, so it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other monovalent element.

This is known as tetravalency of carbon.

Radius of the circle = 15 cm

ΔAOB is isosceles as two sides are equal.

∴ ∠A = ∠B

Sum of all angles of triangle = 180°

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°

⇒ 2 ∠A = 180° - 60°

⇒ ∠A = 120°/2

⇒ ∠A = 60°

Triangle is equilateral as ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°

∴ OA = OB = AB = 15 cm

Area of equilateral ΔAOB = √3/4 × (OA)² = √3/4 × 15²  

                                          = (225√3)/4 cm² = 97.3 cm²

Angle subtend at the centre by minor segment = 60°

Area of Minor sector making angle 60° = (60°/360°) × π r² cm²

                                                                                     = (1/6) × 15² π  cm2 =  225/6 π  cm²

                                                  =  (225/6) × 3.14 cm² = 117.75  cm²

Area of the minor segment = Area of Minor sector - Area of equilateral ΔAOB

                                            = 117.75  cm² - 97.3 cm² = 20.4 cm²

Angle made by Major sector = 360° - 60° = 300°

Area of the sector making angle 300° = (300°/360°) × π r² cm²

                                                   = (5/6) × 15² π  cm² =  1125/6 π  cm²

                                                  =  (1125/6) × 3.14 cm² = 588.75  cm²

Area of major segment = Area of Minor sector + Area of equilateral ΔAOB

                                            = 588.75  cm² + 97.3 cm² = 686.05 cm²

Given: ABCD is a rhombus

To prove: AB² + BC² + CD² + AD² = AC² + BD²

Proof:

We know, diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles.

Therefore, from triangle AOB,

AB² = AO² + OB²

 4AB² = AC² + BD²

Thus, AB² + BC² + CD² + DA² = 4AB² = AC² + BD²

[As AB = BC = CD = DA]

The importance of ozone is defined by the fact that it protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer is found in the upper regions of the stratosphere where it protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. These radiations can cause skin cancer in humans. The ultraviolet rays split the oxygen molecule into free oxygen atoms, these free oxygen atoms combine with the oxygen molecule to form ozone. This salient layer lies at a distance of 12-15 miles beyond the earth surface.

Baking Soda

• Has only one ingredient – Sodium Bicarbonate
• Does not contain Monocalcium Phosphate
• Reacts immediately with acids
• Short leavening process
• Baking products formed when baking soda is used are not as fluffy when compared to baking powder products, due to shorter reaction duration.

Baking Powder

• Consists of many ingredients including Bicarbonates (typically baking soda), and acid salts.
• Contain Monocalcium Phosphate, which reacts with NaHCO₃ when wetted and heated.
• It does not immediately react when exposed to acids.
• The leavening process extended with the help of a second acid.
• Gives fluffier products from baking

DNA is a group of molecules that is responsible for carrying and transmitting the hereditary materials or the genetic instructions from parents to offsprings.

The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of depressed classes and caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India government. Contrary to popular belief, Mahatma Gandhi was not involved in signing the pact. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune, India. It was signed by B.R Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of the Caste Hindus as a means to end the fast that Gandhi was undertaking in jail as a protest against the decision by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in British India. They finally agreed upon 148 electoral seats.

The limits of Civil Disobedience Movement were:

• The Congress ignored the dalits for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. Also, Mahatma Gandhi called the untouchables  the children of God.
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
• This made the dalit apprehensive regarding the Congress led national movement.
• Decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, made a large section of Muslim feel alienated from the Congress. Thus, the response of Muslim political organisations in India was lukewarm.
• However, Muhammad Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).
• Hence, the start of Civil Disobedience Movement created an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.

The poet John Berryman through his poem, ‘The ball poem’ has described the reality of life which everyone has to face one day. He has touched the topic of how to stand up against the miseries and sorrows of life.

Let height of the pedestal BD be h metres, and angle of elevation of C and D at a point A on the ground be 60° and 45° respectively.
It is also given that the height of the statue CD be 1.6 m
i.e.,    ∠CAB = 60°,
∠DAB = 45° and CD = 1.6m
In right triangle ABD, we have


In right triangle ABC, we have



Comparing (i) and (ii), we get

Hence, the height of pedestal 

Let AB and BC be the tower and water tank and D be the point of observation.
Given:
BC = 20m
∠BDC = 45° and ∠ADC = 60°
Let AB = h m
In ΔBDC
tan 45° = P/B = BC/DC
1 = 20/DC [ tan 45°=1]
DC= 20 m
Now in ΔADC
tan 60°= P/B = AC /DC = (AB + BC)/DC
√3 = (h+20)/20
20√3 = h+20
20√3 - 20 = h
20(√3-1)= h
h= 20(√3-1) m

h = 20 (1.73 -1)
h = 20 × .73 = 14.6 m

Hence, the height of the tower is 20(√3-1) or 14.6 m.

Power-sharing is a vital ingredient of any constitution. Power-sharing makes sure that there is an optimum balance between different sections in the society. Each and every state should have some forms of power-sharing. The chances of controversies and opportunity to every citizen increases. Power-sharing has its own value in a democracy. This ensures the stability of political order.

Forms of power-sharing

There are different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies which are listed below

Horizontal distribution of power

• Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.
• Example – India This distribution ensures that none of the organs can exercise and utilise unlimited power.
• Each and every organ keeps an eye on the others.
• This system of arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

Vertical distribution of power

• Power can be shared among governments at different levels.
• A general central government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or state and regional level.
• Example – India Union Government that is central government & State Government.

Community government

• Power can also be shared among different socially active groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.
• Example – Belgium

Power-sharing between political parties, pressure groups and movements

• This kind of power-sharing competition ensures that power does not remain in one single hand.
• For longer duration, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.